Health Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Health Psychology - Essay Example I held on to the biomedical perspective. Now, I realize there is more to it than just physical health. This, I realized as I mature, because I encounter several stressful moments that affect my well-being not only physically but also mentally and emotionally. Such stress makes me unable to think well. I also realize that when I harbor negative emotions, it somehow translates to physical symptoms. Now, I adhere to the biopsychosocial philosophy of health. The discussions with my peers facilitated this belief because we all had our own notions and definitions of health, but the common ground is well-being. Many factors affect the health of a person and that includes social and environmental factors. The individual is also responsible for caring for himself, and his own illness prevention. This matter falls under the area of Health Psychology. This course has defined Health Psychology as â€Å"a branch of psychology that deals with how people cope and manage illness and health behaviour† (Course Notes, Psy 4101).. The person responsible for this is called a health psychologist. He is not a medical doctor but his field of expertise lies more on psychology and how to help people manage a healthier life. I also realized that health psychologists belong to a bigger group of psychologists that do research and development in this specialized field. This, I learned when I went to the site of the British Psychological Society (2010) and they included several areas where psychological research and methods apply: I know that in each area enumerated above, there fall numerous sub-areas that contribute to the wide scope of Health Psychology, and it is amazing how it still grows upon discovery of more information. The first area, the promotion and maintenance of health involves dissemination of health education. In line with the World Health

The Bells by Allen Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Bells by Allen Poe - Essay Example The clanging and clamor of the brazen bells showed how the tales of terror have engulfed the world (Poe 23). The groaning and moaning of the iron bells shows how the melancholy menace of the tone has given rise to the world of solemn. In all the stanzas in the poem, the auditory and visual imagery, as well as sound and musical devices, got well incorporated. In the first section, the silver bells get considered as happy bells. The bells give cheerful and vivid sound, and visualization of the night. The rhythm of the silver bells gives rhyming sound and feelings to the poem. This stanza ends with a calm note, which makes a person listen to the cheerful tinkling and jingling of the silver bells. The theme of happiness gets well elaborated in this stanza. Fun and excitement gets well distinction by the bells. The poem also tells us that happiness could not be made by the feelings of joy alone, but it must be combined with peace and harmony (Poe 14). The second section of the poem introd uces another bell, which goes by the name golden bell. The sound of the bells still gives a happy feeling, but without hype in it. Golden bells are usually gold in color, which symbolizes beauty, calmness, and harmony. Here, the symbol faithfulness and love gets well illustrated by the turtle dove. The bells give out harmonious and pleasant sound, which flow voluminously. The theme of happiness gets well recognition in this section as the stanza ends with a cheerful mood (Poe 20). In the third section, the poem takes a turn from cheerful mood to fearful mood. Here, the bells beg for mercy, but the fire gets crazy and out of control. Repetition gets widely used in this stanza. The raging fire symbolizes the scary, crazy, and dark side of life. The bells give out a loud, repeated noise and wild uproar full of terror (Poe 18). The theme of fear gets detailed in this section. The sound of bells brings out the feeling of fear and panic. In this section, the emotions of joy and terror get well intertwined. The nightmare of fear and insanity gets well elaborated in the theme. Iron bells get introduced in the fourth section. Iron is not the most precious metal when compared to brass, gold, and silver. Hence, it symbolizes the degrading curve of happiness. Here, the bells drain terror and fills the air with solemn thought using a single melody. The bells get personified by ringing sound out of their throats. The sound of bells makes everything seem lifeless, passionless and empty (Poe 15). Rolling sound of the bells on the human heart brings out a miserable and unpleasant picture. This section ends with a sad note. The theme of death gets well explained in this stanza. Death is the most vital theme in this poem as it ends in chaos and fears. Symbols got used in the entire poem. Each bell got made from different types of metals. The value of each bell got depreciated as well the mood of the poem changed from happy to sad. Silver is a shiny and precious metal, which gets associated with joyful mood. In the second section, golden bells got used. Gold gets associated with permanence, love and wealth. Hence, the golden bells symbolize happiness, calmness and harmony. The brazen bells created scary atmosphere in the third stanza of the poem. Brass is a tough, hard and less precious metal, when compared to both the silver and gold. Brazen bells symbolize noise, fear and danger. The night also had much influence in the shifts of the moods. The

Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor

Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Forty first Annual Convention Exhibition, May 2017 Foam Assisted Lift Technology to Improve Recovery Factor from Sensitive Wells, lesson learned from Total EP Indonesie Ramot Sianturi* Jodi Astorifa Anggoro* Muhammad Nadrul Jamal* Chiko Eko Jatmiko* ABSTRACT Total EP Indonesie (TEPI) currently produce ÂÂ ±1600 MMSCFD of gas from 5 major gas fields, which are Tunu, Sisi-Nubi, South Mahakam, Peciko and Tambora. Except South Mahakam and Sisi-Nubi, all other fields are mature and already in declining production. On some very sensitive gas wells, there have been liquid loading problem observed, a phenomena of inability to continuously lift liquid from borehole. The accumulated liquid increases hydrostatic pressure and eventually stop the well production. As a solution, TEPI introduced a Foam Assisted Lift (FAL) technology in 2011 as a pilot phase, and continued in 2012-2013 on more wells part of FAL trials. The principle of FAL is to generate bubbles to reduce hydrostatic pressure, through surfactant injection from surface to down-hole using capillary string (CS) set under specific well intervention arrangement. Starting from the pilot phase, TEPI have performed several improvements and development of robust down-hole equipments, operation, and also the selection criteria of candidate wells. During several phases of FAL pilots, TEPI had defined the selection method and criteria of good FAL candidates; good productivity (defined as Porosity x Net pay thickness), good offload response, condensate and liquid ratio less than 60%, and bottom hole shut in pressure higher than 1000 psi. The new selection criteria was fully implemented in 2015 campaign, and resulted in improved production in 10 wells. FAL is considered as proven technology to maintain production stability of very sensitive gas wells. Keywords: Capillary string, liquid loading, foam assisted lift, selection criteria INTRODUCTION Total EP Indonesia (TEPI) produces ÂÂ ±1600 MMscfd in 2016, it was decreasing sharply from 2010 which could produced ÂÂ ±2000 MMscfd. One of the main challenges to maintain the plateau production of TEPI is the liquid loading issue which means the inability to lift liquid out from gas wells. This liquid loading issue triggers to self killing process as shown in Figure 1. In the beginning of wells life, well produced in high gas rate and relatively dry. Through the time gas production decreases, water starts to be produced and less energy to lift the liquid. As the consequence, liquid will start to be accumulated in the borehole then eventually stop the well production. Liquid loading issue would always happened in gas wells, it just only the matter of time. To minimize and longer wells life, until recently TEPI performs regular offload by decreasing Well Head Flowing Pressure (WHFP) close to atmospheric pressure and flaring, involving substantial means such as testing barge and personnel. These offloading activities present specific risks, not only for safety, personnel, and assets, but also impact in environment from the flaring activity which results in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, this offloading is only temporary solution to boost the production. Therefore, a continuous offloading system is required to maintain the sustainability of production. Several technologies for continuous offloading are shown in Table 1. Based on Table 1, the most possible technology to be applied is Foam Assisted Lift (FAL) through CS considering no energy required, comply with company rules, and less cost compare to others. Principal of FAL is by creating foam at down-hole to reduce the hydrostatic pressure at wellbore in order to help the lifting of liquid to surface. The process sequence of FAL is shown in Figure 2; Addition of surfactant inside the well will reduce gas-liquid surface tension The reduction of surface tension will impact to the reduction of liquid density Hydrostatic pressure will be reduce as the impact of lighter liquids density Reduction of hydrostatic pressure will give more drawdown, delta pressure between reservoir pressure and bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP) Additional drawdown will give more gas rate production Technology FAL has been developed in TEPI in 2011 as a pilot phase and continued in 2012-2013 on more wells as part of FAL trials. Starting from the pilot phase, TEPI have performed several improvements and development of robust down-hole equipments, operations, and also the criteria of candidate selection. CAPILLARY STRING INJECTION SYSTEM Down-hole Equipment CS down-hole system is an additional tubing (injection system) that inserted inside production tubing. Even though additional CS inserted inside, TEPI still complies and respects to safety by keeping down-hole safety valve (DHSV) installed. It is mandatory to equip subsurface safety valve in onshore and offshore wells in TEPI for safety purpose as second barrier if any damage or malfunction of surface system happened. Initially the DHSV opening and closing is controlled by hydraulic pressure from control panel but after equipped with CS down-hole system, the opening and closing is controlled by surfactant pressure from surface surfactant facilities. DHSV in CS well is inserted or incorporated in a Weatherford Injection and Safety Hanger (WISH). The WISH hanger also locks the CS tubing, top and injection valve, and dual check valves as shown in the Figure 3. Dual check valves are used at top and bottom injection valve to prevent well pressure from production tubing entering the system in CS tubing and DHSV control line. Besides that, the purpose of dual check valves also to prevent reverse flow of surfactant or fluid s from wells which is potentially could cause plugging. Top injection valve installed immediately after WISH with purpose to pressurize and open DHSV at certain cracking pressure (ÂÂ ±2000 psi) then it will allow surfactant to flow to bottom part of CS tubing. Bottom injection valve is installed at the bottom part of the tubing with purpose to inject surfactant inside production tubing. Surface Facilities Surface facilities were designed to allow the surfactant injection from surface to wellbore with consideration to safety aspect, production reliability, and production availability. Whole surface facilities in CS well are shown in the Figure 4. CS surface facilities consist of several equipments as follow: Surfactant tank; Tank that used shall be made from metallic tank since based on MSDS, surfactant is consider as flammable fluid. Pump; Surfactant injection pumps type is positive displacement driven by instrument gas. In the earlier phase, installed pump is only one but due to the frequency of pumps failure, it is decided to install dual pump with philosophy one in operation and one as back-up. Pressure Switch High-High (PSHH); PSHH is installed to protect the equipment from overpressure due to blocked outlet discharge of surfactant injection line or reverse flow from reservoir. Pressure Switch Low-Low (PSLL); PSLL is installed to identify any leak/ rupture in the injection line or to identify if the pump stop working that could lead to pump cavitations. Pressure Safety Valve (PSV); PSV is installed at discharge line of pump to protect the surface facilities Surfactant Criteria that shall be considered during surfactant selection process are the foam efficiency and stability. Several laboratory tests have been performed to check and validate these two criteria. Qualifications of surfactant that been used in TEPI are as follow: The product could be used high temperature environmental ( ÂÂ ±1760C) since it would be injected up to wellbore No plugging issue cause by surfactant if injection stopped Compatible with other chemicals that injected in the flow-line, i.e corrosion inhibitor CANDIDATE SELECTION In the early phase on 2011, candidate of CS wells were selected based on the wells behavior (stable or intermittent flow), offload frequency, turner rate, and response to shut in for pressure build up (SIBU). The preliminary step for candidate selection is the wells behavior review before going in to deeper to the other criteria. A well that suffered with liquid loading could be identified by increasing of water production rate, and then followed by sudden decrease of gas production rate and decreasing of liquid lifted to surface that corresponding to the critical/ turner rate reached. The trend of WHFT also gives a good sign to do preliminary selection. Case 1 Well with Low Productivity and Low Gas Rate during offload Figure 5 is one of CS wells production evolution profile that selected based on the selection criteria above. As shown in the graph, the well still gave response to the offload that performed on October 2012 with high water production, ÂÂ ±700 bwpd but in limited gas rate, ÂÂ ±0.5 MMSCFD. This well clearly shown outflow problem as describes on liquid level column inside well based on pressure and temperature survey that given on Figure 6. CS was installed on May 2013, but there was no significant improvement in gas production even it was clearly confirmed that the well has issue in liquid lifting. Existence of water and response to offload could not ensure the successful of FAL, cut off of gas rate required to ensure the agitation and mixing between liquid and gas needs to be defined as well. Besides that, the productivity of the well needs to be checked as well. As shown in the IPR and VLP curve, well with higher productivity will give higher gain in any changes on VLP shape. Case 2 Well with Higher Condensate Liquid Ratio Figure 7 is sample of CS well that have high condensate ratio in liquid, ÂÂ ±80% of condensate in liquid. Based on the graph, gas rate production since October 2012 shown decreasing trend but still responsive to SIBU and offload (Qgas rate offload on August 2013 gave value ÂÂ ±1.5 MMSCFD). Considering the initial selection criteria, this well was a good candidate for CS, but after installed with CS, there was no significant improvement. Unsuccessful result potentially caused by the existence of high condensate rate. Since surfactant that used as FAL is water base, it would create foam if only water exist in the certain composition. If liquid consist more condensate, foam will not be created and the impact potentially will give additional back pressure to the well itself. Case 3 Well with Low Bottom Hole Shut In Pressure (BHSIP) Well in Figure 8 was installed with CS since August 2013. As shown in the graph, even though the well shown positive response in offload (Qgas rate at ÂÂ ±3 MMSCFD) and mainly produced water instead of condensate, the result after CS installation did not show positive improvement. Reviewing further from reservoir point of view, this well indicated a good productivity but the pressure (BHSIP) has been at low value. Based on the result on CS wells that selected based on criteria above (conventional approach), found that criteria above were still not capable enough to give higher success ratio. As in cases above, several parameters should be included in the selection process, such as productivity, response to offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP. Statistical approach has been performed to define the new selection that could give higher success ratio. Based on the review, parameters or criteria that could improve the success ratio are as follow: Productivity As shown in the Figure 5, more gain could be reached in the high productivity wells. The unloading of well with FAL through CS would give additional drawdown in front of the reservoirs. In the same drawdown, the higher gain would be given by the well with higher productivity. In TEPI, the productivity is represented by the height multiply with the porosity. The higher the height and porosity, the higher would be the productivity. In order to improve the success ratio of CS wells, TEPI implemented the cut-off productivity at value 250. Response to Offload FAL by surfactant does not bring any additional energy to the system. The well itself should be able to revive by itself in order to activate the foaming effect efficiently and effectively. Therefore, response to the offload is important to confirm CS candidate prior the installation. Good candidate for CS shall have an improvement in gas rate and liquid production at atmospheric pressure compared to LP. Based on review in existing CS wells, cut-off value to confirm candidate CS that implemented in TEPI is 1.3 MMSCFD in offload condition. Condensate liquid ratio Condensate is natural killer of foam. It would collapse the existence of foam. Based on laboratory test, minimum of 40% water in the liquid is still sufficient to create effective and stable foam. Therefore, the ratio of condensate and water needs to be considered as well during the selection candidate process. BHSIP BHSIP value could be used to represent reservoir pressure. Therefore, candidate for CS wells shall still have high BHSIP, it would not be too depleted reservoirs. Even though BHISP is used as one of the criteria, needs to be careful in the selection process since higher BHSIP could be also due to higher liquid column. Case 4 Well that Selected Based on New Selection Criteria New selection criteria that are included the cut-off productivity, gas rate during offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP have been fully implemented in 2015. TN-H13 is one of CS well that already selected based on this selection criteria. Productivity that represents by the value of height multiply with porosity is ÂÂ ±460 meanwhile the cut-off is at 250 Last offload that performed on August 2013 still gave value at 2.6 MMSCFD meanwhile the cut-off is at 1.3 MMSCFD Condensate ratio was at ÂÂ ±34% before CS installed meanwhile the cut-off is at 60% BHSIP based on pressure and temperature monitoring is at 1600 psi meanwhile the cut-off is at 1000 psi As shown in Figure 9, Production trend from point A (February 2014) to point B (May 2014) shown decreasing trend and limited water lifted to surface. In the end of May 2014, after reviewed based on new selection criteria, well gave significant improvement in gas rate after installed with CS. Gas production from point B (ÂÂ ±0.7 MMSCFD) increase to point C (ÂÂ ±2.5 MMSCFD) and then gave stable production. Good response to the FAL technology also given by the increasing of water rate that could lifted to surface. These new selection criteria have been fully implemented in 15 wells along 2015 and gave production improvement in 10 wells. DOWNHOLE MEMORY GAUGE As part of learning process, beside define the new selection criteria, the impact of surfactant injection rate on reduction of BHFP needs to be evaluated as well. The method to evaluate this BHFP reduction is by installing memory gauge at the edge of CS tubing. Total memory gauges installed are 5. TN-H13 is selected based on the new selection criteria and it gave positive result in gas production after installed with CS. Positive impact on the gas production could be explained in Figure 10. Performed test was by varying the injection rate through several periods. It was started with low injection rate to maximum injection rate. Stabilization period was given each time injection rate changed. The purpose of stabilization period is to have same baseline in each step of injection rate. Increasing of injection rate gave inline result with increasing pressure reduction of BHFP. At the end of the trial, surfactant injection was stopped in order to see the impact in pressure reduction of BHFP. From Figure 10, it is clearly shown that by stopping surfactant injection, BHFP would be back to initial value. Therefore, it could be concluded that the addition of surfactant obviously gives positive response to production improvement. The addition of CS gave reduction of BHFP by 160 275 psi, which means additional drawdown is given to the well that will impact to additional gas rate. CONCLUSIONS Fully implementation of new selection criteria (productivity, response to offload, condensate liquid ratio, and BHSIP) are applied in 2015 campaign. It is confirmed that the implementation could improved production in more than 10 wells. Surfactant injection inside the well that suffered with liquid is confirmed could give additional drawdown that impact to the addition of gas rate production as confirmed from memory gauge installation result. FAL is considered as proven technology to maintain production stability of very sensitive gas wells. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge permission from SKK MIGAS, INPEX, and TOTAL to publish this paper. Our biggest gratitude is also gives to all parties who provided valuable comments and inputs during the preparation of this paper. REFERENCE Lea, James, Henry Nickens, and Mike Wells. (2008). Gas Well Deliquification. 2nd Edition. Gulf Professional Publishing. Table 1. Dewatering Technologies Figure 1. Liquid Loading Phenomena in Gas Wells Figure 2. Process Sequence of FAL Figure 3. CS down-hole configuration Figure 4. Process Flow Diagram and Emergency Shut Down (ESD) system Figure 5. Production Evolution of TN-B1 Figure 6. Gradient Pressure in Shut in and Flowing Phase of TN-B1 Figure 7. Production Evolution of TN-N25 Figure 8. Production Evolution of TN-P13 Figure 9. Production Evolution of TN-H13 Figure 10. Memory Gauge Result of TN-H13

War on Terror Essay -- American History, Patriot Act

On september 11, 2001 there was an attack on America. Four airplanes were hijacked, two were crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, the third crashed into the Pentagon in D.C. and the fourth got stopped by a passenger. It was the first terrorist attack on the U.S. soil. Thousands of lives were lost that day. This attach was the most devastating act of belligerence on U.S territory since the Civil War (Terrorism, 2011). This even had an enormous influence on America and its history. It led to numerous short and long term effects. On September 20, 2001, former president George W. Bush announced publicly that he declares â€Å"War on Terror†. After this announcement, our country has altered. To determine if an effect was positive or negative, determines on the view point of the person. Some of those effects include; USA Patriot Act, creation of TSA, the War, and issues soldiers have after combat and health problems of Ground Zero. However, if the effects w ere positive or negative, it still made a massive mark in our country. One major organization that was created from the attacks on September 11th that lead to the declaring â€Å"War on Terror† was the creation of TSA, Transportation Security Administration. TSA was created to develop policies to protect airport transportation and prevent aircraft hijacking. It oversees security for highways, railroads, buses, mass transit systems, pipelines and ports. Though they are mostly responsible for screening passengers and checked and carry-on luggage at about 450 airports. Different types of TSA employees are; Transportation Security Officer, Federal Air Marshal, Transportation Security Inspector and National Explosives Detection Canine Team Program. (Security, 2010) T... ...a federal office of homeland security to prevent the nation of future terrorist attacks (September 11, 2006). After September 11th and the declare War on Terror every person of power tried doing whatever they could to help protect our nation. There is no doubt that after this powerful event, important things started to dwindle (September 11, 2006). Some major issues were our economy weakened, unemployment increased, and our recession worsened (September 11, 2006). Airports had it the worse, they had to face bankruptcy, there insurance increased and they had to undertake costly overhauls of their security systems September 11, 2006). War on Terror affected our nation greatly, in different way someone was hurt by it. People tried fixing it and picking up the pieces, but some things just can’t be fixed. Time is the only way our nation will recover.

Positioning and Communication

A large proportion of overweight people have been trying to lose their weight in every possible way. However, not every attempt was successful. Due to that, the pharmaceutical industry has been developing and testing a large variety of medicines that are specifically made to help people with weight issues. One of the newest drugs on the market is Metabical, a prescription drug developed by Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP). Based on the results from clinical trials, Metabical has been proven effective for weight loss of overweight people.The question is how willMetabicalbe introduced to the market? PULL MARKETING The main idea was to advertise Metabical directly to consumers in order to increase the awareness of the product. This strategy was based on pull marketing where the purpose was to attract the customers and make them approach the supplier or seller tlrst It is not an assertive way ot marketing in comparison to push marketing where a seller calls potential customers on the telephone asking whether they would like to purchase a product they might not actually need.In 1997, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) has reduced restrictions on direct-to-consumer-advertising concerning drugs. Therefore, the effect of the pull marketing was tremendously positive for the pharmaceutical industry. (Buckley 2003). It is also visible in a study made by Prevention magazine, where doctors whose patients came and asked for a medicine that they had previously seen being advertised, had the tendency to prescribe that same brand of medicine (even though they had different alternatives in mind). Following pull marketing, the strategy included: advertisements on the internet, television and radio.Moreover, print media was being distributed at the same time as the drug was being launched. This distributionwas continued in the same manner throughoutthe first year of the campaign in order to maintain the brand awareness on a high level. After the initial advertisement strategy, additional 100 000 health care pamphlets were distributed. These pamphletscontained a reply card which, if sent, would provide the sender with a sample of the product. The goal behind this campaign was to show the potential customers that Metabical is suitable for people belonging to the BMI range of 25-30.Body Mass index (BMI) is the most common index used for comparing weight and height. The calculations resents whether the weight is appropriate for the person's height. If the weight is not appropriate,the person can fall in the group of overweight or underfed (Tim J Cole 2000). As mentioned in the article, an abundanceof weight loss pills were made for obese or severely obese people. However, the group of people with the BMI ranging from 25-30 were not suitable for these pillswhich, consequently, did not have any effect on their weight loss.Additionally, CPS has developed a support programme which will not only help in weight reduction but also help maintaining the heal thy lifestyle. One of their key concepts in the campaign was: â€Å"Losing weight is tough. You don't have to do it alone. Let Metabical and your health care provider start you on the road to a healthy weight and better life. † Regarding the support programme, Printup has developed an online contest to attract more customers to buy theproduct and participate in the contest to win a prize. In this contest each user can Join in and compete with other users in reducing BMIs by the highest percentage.Not only Printup was making advertisements for consumers, she also developed a strategy to target medical community where advertisements were placed on online edical websites and also printed out in well-known medical Journals. Several events were organized especially for medical experts prior to the product launch, one of which was a roundtable discussion. In order to spread the word of the discussion, coverage of this event was done by leading news organizations.

Comparison of Matilda Cook in Fever 1793 Essay

Mattie’s Life and Changes In Fever 1793, by Laurie Halse Anderson, sixteen year old Matilda (or Mattie) Cook changes dramatically over the course of the book. In the beginning, she is portrayed to be a young selfish girl who was always too lazy to work. By the end of the book, she is shown to be a strong young woman. Her family of three consisting of her grandfather, mother, and herself runs a small coffee shop. Her family usually works relentlessly before, during, and after the shop’s hours. Their kind slave, Eliza, works just as relentlessly around the kitchens. Mattie herself has the easy job as a waitress and usually works much less than her family and slave. Even so, she never puts her heart into her work. This demonstrates how foolish and selfish she is; but just in a few weeks her world will change epically for herself and everyone around her. The yellow fever hits Philadelphia with venom and mercilessly takes away numerous lives. Unfortunately, the disease finds its way to Lucille Cook, Mattie’s mother. Mattie is forced to run away with her grandfather in order to prevent herself and her grandfather from catching it. They try to find their way to a friend’s farm, but her grandfather catches the fever along the way. In desperation, Mattie picks berries and fetches water so that she and her weak grandfather can survive until help comes. In this chapter of her life, Mattie is slowly improving on her attitude and personality. She soon gets help for her grandfather from a hospital nearby. He starts feeling better, but then she herself catches the fever. Mattie is fed and cared for the same way as her grandfather. He soon recovers and takes care of Mattie. She in time gets better and decides with her grandfather that it is time to head home. When the travelling pair reaches Philadelphia, they find objects carelessly strewn across the paths. Houses are desolate and empty; bodies pile up in the graveyard. Their own coffee house is in ruins and Mattie’s mother is not to be found. Mattie and her grandfather try to strive as long as they can. During that time, Mattie hauls in water from the well, picks and chooses in their rotten garden, and uses what is not stolen in the kitchen  for the rest of their meals. They are doing alright for the first few nights, but a few nights later, a robbery occurs that takes Mattie’s grandfather’s life away. In grief, she allows the cart for the dead to take him to the graveyard and follows it to the graveyard. There she mourns for the dead who were taken by the fever, or less commonly from robberies that took Mattie’s grandfather away. In desperation, Mattie proceeds to find Eliza. Along the way, she comes across a young orphan named Nell and brings her along. Mattie soon finds herself living with Eliza, a pair of twins, Nell, and Joseph. She works in the day and late into the night feeding the needy; until the fever takes a toll on Nell and the twins. The house is too crowded for sick individuals, so Eliza and Mattie move the children along with themselves to the coffee shop for recovery. They care for the children as best to their abilities and hope that that the ill children will last until winter when the frost could chase the fever away. Fever 1793 is a wonderful book about a young foolish girl turning into a mature and hardworking young lady. Through the course of this book, Mattie demonstrates how she can change from a selfish immature girl into a selfless, hardworking, and mature lady.

Personal wealth

Pg. 22 (1) Personal wealth relates to ethics in that wealthier people have more clout and have a much greater voice in things than someone who is just an average blue-collar person. People with wealth have the funds and resources that poor people do not. A prime example is reflected on how we live. Poor societies have poorer living conditions and live in run down polluted areas. Have you ever seen a wealthy family living in the projects? Pg 24-25 (2) Industries pollute the environment by cutting corners in production quality or waste disposal to minimize profit loss. The cheaper it is to produce an item, the greater the possible profit. It is cheaper to dump wastes in the river than to install a water treatment facility. The industry doesnt view this as unethical or immoral, they just see it as another factor that determines profitability. Pg 25-26 (3) Normal economic forces would work against pollution control because corporate decisions were based on short-term profitability rather than long-term benefit to society. This is starting to change thanks to such organizations such as CERES and other environmental groups. Pg 26-27 (4) Yes, it is unreasonable to expect a completely unpolluted environment. There is no sense to preserve the environment if the objective produces a national economic collapse. There needs to be a balance between industry and environment. Pg 27 (5) The dominant societal attitude towards resource use has been use resources more sparingly. Americans would not mind paying higher taxes for programs used to control acid rain and toxic waste dumping. Pg 22 (6) Development is the gradual unfolding, fuller working out; growth; evolution (of animal and plant races); well-grown state; stage of advancement. Preservation means to preserve from injury or destruction; a state of being or ill preserved, protected from harm. The conservation ethic recognizes the desirability of dece