Kants Views on Enlightenment Essay -- Philosophy

Kant's Views on Enlightenment The best rundown of Kant's perspective on Enlightenment lies in the principal section of his article An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?: Sapere Aude. Made an interpretation of 'set out to know,' the expression is the saying of edification. For Kant, illumination implies ascending from the willful daze which substitutes acquiescence for reason and which decays man's capacity to have an independent perspective and build up his characteristic limits. Sluggishness and weakness keep man from edifying himself, an action which gets more earnestly after some time since man gets settled and content in his daze. Comparing humanity to domesticated animals, Kant refers to the military official, the minister, and the doctor as gatekeepers who deaden man's opportunity by requesting exacting dutifulness and giving instant answers. Be that as it may, Kant avoids upholding all out common defiance; the solider must not ignore the sets of his bosses similarly as the resident must not dec line to pay his taxesâ€such activities would catalyze risky agitation. Rather, the two gatherings ought to be at all out freedom to addre... Kant's Views on Enlightenment Essay - Philosophy Kant's Views on Enlightenment The best synopsis of Kant's perspective on Enlightenment lies in the primary section of his article An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?: Sapere Aude. Made an interpretation of 'set out to know,' the expression is the maxim of edification. For Kant, illumination implies ascending from the purposeful trance which substitutes dutifulness for reason and which decays man's capacity to have an independent perspective and build up his normal limits. Lethargy and weakness keep man from illuminating himself, an action which gets more earnestly after some time since man gets settled and content in his daze. Comparing humanity to animals, Kant refers to the military official, the minister, and the doctor as watchmen who incapacitate man's opportunity by requesting severe submission and giving instant answers. In any case, Kant avoids pushing all out common defiance; the solider must not ignore the sets of his bosses similarly as the resident must not decline to pay his taxesâ€s uch activities would catalyze hazardous agitation. Rather, the two gatherings ought to be at absolute freedom to addre...

Geography and history of canada Free Essays

Connection between the Geography of Canada and Its History Veronica Guerrero FarJat CDNS 101 Royal Roads University Ms. Michelle Hardy November 20, 2013 What is the connection between Canada’s topography and its history? As per M. Strong, (individual correspondence, March 27, 2012) my course material (2013) builds up that Canada is a North American nation with 10 areas and 3 domains; overall named as the second biggest nation on the planet Canada, is notable by its assorted yet intriguing history! Canada battled about by the French and the British, the British won and end colonizing this one. We will compose a custom article test on Topography and history of canada or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now This article investigations the assorted variety of Canada’s early history of settlement identified with its topography. So as to see the association we appreciate how the native individuals previously came to Canada by following the untamed life; at that point the Europeans came to Canada in light of the fact that the immense of normal assets; lastly permitting the French individuals to settle in Quebec region. This paper contends that authentic settlement of Canada was changed by its topography. Canada used to be named â€Å"Kanata†: Huron-Iroquois word for town or settlement. So as to make due, as individuals we do numerous things, for example, feed, mingle, we multiply, we follow†¦ t for the most part we remain together and we battle to endure. On this passage I will clarify in detail how Aboriginal individuals first settle in Canada by following the natural life: Firstly, the earth heated up, the ice masses dissolved and retreated; which it implies: open movem ents courses (halls). Following this reality, creatures were skilled to cross land extensions of the Alaska-Bering. Besides, Native individuals show up in Canada’s history by spreading out into the in abi n table territories ot north-western America, everything for tremendous explanation: FOOD! They needed to get certain abilities, for example, chasing, angling, and so forth n request to endure. Be that as it may, creatures; were their ain explanation of settlement so then they remain and spread over the land. To finish up I might want to point that as the atmosphere and land conditions changed the land start to got rich and beneficial; locals had the option to remain and that is one of the most significant reasons how those first people groups are vital for Canada’s history; they speak to thousand years of culture and any place individuals these days concur or not they are Canada’s first people groups. At the point when two universes meet, astounding things occur. As per my course material (2013) 1500-1791 was when Aboriginal individuals and Europeans were in contact. At the point when Europeans originally came to Canada, they ere stunned on this territory due to the immense of characteristic assets; for instance, wood/amble that they could use in Europe so it can help with the improvement of their nation. Right off the bat, Henry the VII financed an investigation to North America set out toward the Italian wayfarer John Cabot in 1497. Be that as it may, it wasn’t until 1610 when the English settlement started. As strain set among France and England in Europe, rivalry leaded in the Americas. Along these lines, Henry IV of France relegated Samuel de Champlain to investigate the new grounds in the Americas; Champlain is a significant figure in Canada’s history since he opened up the St Lawrence River nd extended French impact through the incredible lakes bowl. Too, Champlain was associated with a gathering who were keen on the hide exchange; the French and Aboriginal individuals teamed up in the tremendous hide exchange economy. The hide exchange was an exchange between the French and first country individuals for the trade on things, for example, instrument (beaver) and weapons. The short hairs of the beaver were utilized for making style caps and those were sended to Europe. All in all, the Fur exchange had framed a significant piece of the early economies of both the English and French provinces and is huge for Canada’s early history on the grounds that it’s Canada’s first conomy created as a result of the beaver; which is a characteristic asset, this one and the wood/stumble are the two biggest models why Europeans were so keen on this land so they are a piece of Canada’s early history and we see the association dependent on their choice after totally happened choosing to settle here thus they end colonizing this nation. On the early long stretches of Jacques Cartier’s France had been developing a settlement along the ST Lawrence River. Struggle among France and England had been developing from that point forward; European encounters spilt over into the new world and in 1629 Kirke of England finished the French state of Port Royal. This set up for restriction between the English and The French in the America’s as well as over the world. As I point before all else, Canada’s is the second biggest nation on the planet. So now realizing that Canada is such a major nation individuals is required for its advancement so after all the British vanquished the previous French settlements, retaining them into their North American regions. In any case, the French settled fundamentally in what is today known as Quebec and Nova Scotia. England permitted the French to remain in light of the fact that they required them to settle this nation; s well, Britain upheld Canada with foreigners and cash. At last, when Canada had become a nation, the objective was to bring together, characterize, and fabricated a state. This doesn't imply that the French Canadian deny their mentality as Canadian or that they torgot their customs and legacy. French was made the second official language ot government so as to keep up French political help. I might want to accentuate that having each one of those realities and Canada being such a major nation is basically connected to its history bringing outsiders and the Europeans settling in this nation. An omparison of Canada’s history and topography; Mexico is different and it has 3 thousand years of history. As indicated by world history venture (2007) The Republic of Mexico is immense, involving about 2,000,000 square miles of coastline, desert, downpour woods, mountains, and fruitful fields. As Canada, Mexico is named as the fourth biggest nation in the western side of the equator and is wealthy in regular assets, for example, oil and petroleum gas. From the American borderlands of the broad, agronomically rich north, the nation limits delicately as it clears south and east. Just as Canada, is flanked by the United States. In Canada’s history we comprehend in some point the need of individuals while in Mexico there is a City (Mexico City) that is viewed as one of the most crowded urban communities on the planet. The populace in Mexico is around 120. 8 million people groups. Despite the fact that Mexico and Canada are totally different nations, they share some way or another things for all intents and purpose, for example, history of colonization. Canada was colonized by the British in the other hand, Mexico was colonized by Spain. Both, British and Spain were astonished by Canada’s and Mexico’s scene, their magnificence and its regular assets. At last, Canada and Mexico are two biggest nations and by one way or another their istory and riches on normal assets propelled different nations, for example, Britain and Spain to pick up enthusiasm on them and that’s how their history is comparative. Taking everything into account, Canada is a place where there is assorted variety, imagination and liberal mentalities. The Canadian individuals are a mosaic of ethnicities; it implies that also it’s framed by different nationalities which together they structure an incredible home. We comprehend the association by first, verifiable settlement of native individuals in Canada by following natural life. Also, Europeans came and settle due to Canada’s immense of normal assets nvolving the hide exchange as a firs economy created lastly, settlement of French individuals over Quebec area in light of Canada’s size and need of individuals. To finish up I might want to cite something that Lorraine Monk an editorial manager of â€Å"Canada the Things We Hold Dear†: An Album of Photographic Memories (1999) stated: â€Å"The look for Canada is an individual Journey. The quest for a national character is a Journey without an end. It started a, quite a while prior. It will proceed into the far off future. Instructions to refer to Geography and history of canada, Papers

Music Festivals to Visit in the USA

Music Festivals to Visit in the USA Top Music Festivals in the USA Home›Informative Posts›Top Music Festivals in the USA Informative PostsThe USA can boast of a variety of music festivals that attract all kind of travelers from around the world.Do not miss your chance to listen to your favorite songs at the perfect get-away locations.Afropunk FestThe name speaks for itself: this music festival features renowned artists that represent black and mixed race communities. Among this year’s headliners, you might like Michael Kiwanuka, Jaytranada, Soul II Soul. Come to Brooklyn, New York, on August 26-27 and you won’t regret it.Made in AmericaThis is another must-visit festival that marks the end of the summer with the performances of artists on Jay Z’s label, who, by the way, is the founder of the event. Book a ticket to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for September 2-3 if you are a true fan of Jay Z, Chainsmokers, or Kaskade.Electric ZooFor all those dance enthusiasts who appreciate music for its rhythms, there is no thing like Electric Zoo festival on Randall’s Island, New York. Kick up your heels to the best performance of DJ Snake, Above Beyond, deadmau5 Eric Prydz, and Galantis among others. Not so much of a dancer? Don’t worry â€" you have plenty of time till the beginning of festival on the September 1 to nail those moves.Austin City LimitsFor all we know, there are people who go to a festival with the sole purpose to enjoy music, whilst there are also those for whom these outings mean much more, namely, spending time with their families, indulging themselves with delicious food, and going on a spending spree at the art markets. If you belong to the second type, do not hesitate to purchase an entrance ticket for the Austin City Limits Festival, which takes place in Zilker Park, Austin. While this year’s headliners â€" Jay Z, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, The Killers â€" are a good enough reason to go, you will also like other entertainments that this festival has to offer, and plenty of time as well to try everything, given that it all lasts for two weekends â€" October 6-8, 13-15.Sasquatch!This is definitely one of the most popular US festivals among indie-music lovers. What makes this festival a hot destination, besides an outstanding line-up featuring LCD Soundsystem, Twenty One Pilots, Chance the Rapper, and The Shins, is the date when it takes place, which is also the Memorial Day weekend â€" May 26-29.This list of festivals is a decent alternative to the most famous ones, such as Coachella or Lollapalooza. So, choose what is more appealing to you, pack your backpack, and enjoy great music along with the festive atmosphere.

Vladimir Putins Leadership Style Free Essay Example, 1000 words

By definition, leadership can be defined as the practice of influencing other people towards the achievement of individual pre-described objectives. Similarly, leadership style is the method adopted by the leader to perform the roles as well as the responsibilities of the management process (Tsygankov, 2005). Notably, most historical as well as contemporary leaders have either inherent leadership qualities or made. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the current Russian President known as Vladimir Putin, ("Vladimir Putin - Facts Summary - HISTORY. com", 2017). Putin applies various concepts of leadership. First, Putin works on growing civility of his followers, nationalism. This is a concept where leaders enhance the loyalty of their followers to the organization and nation. Having served in the secret police service as a spy, Putin is able to use this to his advantage. Through this Putin has been able to enjoy a good domestic approval rating. Putin s presidency remains to be a classic case whereby personal leadership may stamp its preferences on an era (Putin, 2013). Secondly, Putin applies the concept of situational leadership. This is a concept that calls on to leaders to apply their leadership skills to different situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Vladimir Putins Leadership Style or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Every situation is different and therefore should be the decision. Putin is accredited with bringing stability especially after the post-Soviet periods that saw state companies sold off cheaply, towering inflation as well as millions dumped into the vicious poverty among economic mismanagement as well as chronic corruption. Putin applied his firm decision-making style to stabilize this situation, (Putin, 2013). Thirdly, President Putin applies the concept of servant leadership. This can be attributed to his high approval rating. Vladimir Putin has depicted sensitivity to the Soviet history, still recalled fondly by most people, bringing back the stirring Soviet national hymn and the iconic communalist star as the symbol of the Russian army.

1984 Nineteen Eighty-four and Big Brother - 1919 Words

8/17/13 1 Winston is restless, and concerned. Hes afraid of getting taught by the Thought Police if they ever found out about him and Julia. Julia is a young, beautiful girl who lives the moment and makes best of life. She is more concerned on having fun than being being in trouble, caught, by the party. In the beginning, Winston didn t like this girl names Julia. She was a bold-looking girl about 27 years old, with thick dark hair, a freckled face. At first Winston didn’t like Julia when he met her but, he didn t know why. He usually didn’t like woman that were young and pretty. Soon Winston realized that he didn’t like her because she had something he didn’t, which was a young, beautiful, strong woman. Winston knew there†¦show more content†¦He’s a thin and frail man, and he has a varicose vain on his leg. He starts writing a diary, with his thoughts and memories. But, by doing that, he is committing a crime: â€Å"Whether he wrote DOW N WITH BIG BROTHER, or whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with it, made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed—would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper—the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed for ever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you†. (Orwell 19). One day he met Julia and made love. They had a secret hiding spot so they wouldn t get caught by the Thought Police. Julia is a 26-year-old Party member who works in the Fiction Department of the Ministry of Truth. She has dark eyes and hair, and she is very athletic. Julia doesn t worry about problems, she makes the best of the past and cheat the party with small crimes. She secretly despises the pa rty and makes love for Winston. By having these affairs, lead them closer to imprisonment. Both Julia and Winston are arrested and tortured in the Minister of Love. Winston and Julia leave the Minister of Love. O Brien was a mysterious and powerful person. He was also a member of the Inner Party. AtShow MoreRelated1984: Nineteen Eighty-four and Big Brother Essay1324 Words   |  6 Pageswhich independent thinking is a crime punishable by death, the government does not think of the common good by which all of the society will benefit, and the leaders are self-serving. Big Brother doesnt need to justify its ways because it holds all of the power in society through its ministries. In the novel, 1984 by George Orwell, there is one theme that stands out the most from the point of view from Winston, the main theme of the book is that government’s intentions are not benevolent, but self-servingRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Nineteen Eighty Four1651 Words   |  7 PagesGeography class and I was particularly interested with this topic. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four perfectly fits my interest since it’s about governments and propagandas. As a result, I chose my research question to be: â€Å"How and why does the Party use propaganda? How does this compare to some of the modern propagandas used across the world during not only World War II but during current times as well?†. The novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian fiction novel written by George Orwell. The story takesRead MoreNazi Germany, The Power Of Language1286 Words   |  6 PagesLachlan Milligan â€Æ' Nazi Germany, the Power of Language The power of language is a central aspect which needs to be controlled in order to maintain a functioning society in the worlds of Nineteen Eighty-four and Nazi Germany. George Orwell warns his readers about the power of language through Nineteen Eighty-four and how destroying/altering history, controlling the youth and the use of pin pointing an enemy can impact society. As readers, we are able to see Orwell’s negative point of view concerningRead MoreCriticism on George Orwells 1984869 Words   |  4 Pagescritics of cruel commands, because creative people can be dangerous to totalitarian control. The critical essay â€Å"George Orwell and the Mad World: The Anti-Universe of 1984† by Ralph A. Ranald discusses the theme of controlled madness and of a reverse society in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ranald argues that Nineteen Eighty-Four is about â€Å"†¦religion reversed, law and government reversed, and above all, language reversed: not simply corrupted, but reversed† (Ranald 251). He refers to WinstonRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis on Nineteen Eighty-Four1044 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Nineteen Eighty Four: A Critical Essay on Rhetoric Bereket Kifle Composition 12 Honors Abstract George Orwell employs the usage of different rhetoric throughout 1984.  Ã‚  The rhetoric differs from describing the human body and its struggle to survive to the different crimes and how the citizens felt about them.  Ã‚  Also, within  1984  lies a warning from Orwell: to eliminate the caustic consequences of a communist government.  Ã‚  While OrwellRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four : A Warning For The Future1123 Words   |  5 PagesRob Trapp Mr. Garland Novel Seminar 14 October 2015 Nineteen Eighty-Four: A Warning For The Future Nineteen Eighty-Four is a dystopian novel written by George Orwell in the late 40’s. At the time when Orwell started writing Nineteen Eighty-Four, WWII was just coming to an end. The late 40’s was also the start of the Cold War. The Cold war brought along much fear of communist governments, such as the Soviet Union, becoming a world power. Orwell was one of the people who feared a dictatorship comingRead MoreCensorship in 1984 by George Orwell1321 Words   |  6 Pagescourage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty and then we shall fill you with ourselves. In 1984 the Party uses various tactics to manipulate the inhabitants of Oceania as well as those of Nazi Germany. A common form of control in both the Party and the Nazi empire was the use of children for fulfilling the will of their respective government. In Orwell’s novel 1984 Winston claims that, â€Å"It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children. AndRead More orwells political message to the world Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages Many authors bring in the theme of politics into their work in order to make their creations more appealing and as a form of expressing their personal views. George Orwell’s â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-four† is a novel that contains many political messages to the world. Orwell felt that part of his role as a writer is to serve as a voice of conscience to our society by trying to express the truth as he saw it. The novel was written in a crucial time period in modern history after the Second World War and atRead More1984 by George Orwell Essay822 Words   |  4 Pages1984 by George Orwell George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four is the ultimate negative utopia. Written in 1949 as an apocalyptic vision of the future, it shows the cruelty and pure horror of living in an utterly totalitarian world where all traces of individualism are being abolished. This novel was composed to denounce Hitler?s Germany and Stalin?s Russia and to create a warning to the rest of the world. It takes the reader through a year in the life of Winston Smith as he transforms from a rebelRead MoreAnimal Farm And 19841457 Words   |  6 Pagesthese books were Nineteen - Eighty -Four and Animal Farm, which were his works that most obviously portrayed his disfavor for totalitarian governments. Totalitarian governments are controlled by political authorities who have control of all aspects of society. Nineteen-Eighty-Four and Animal Farm are two different books that have different ways of expressing the same theme. For example, Animal Farm is constructed on a farm and the characters are animals and Nin eteen - Eighty - Four is set in a society

Should We Spend Time In The Sun Free Essays

Sunbathing and getting a suntan is getting more and more popular nowadays. Researches show a trend of getting suntan, just for fashion and good-looking, as they consider suntans to be healthy and attractive. Especially in the case of teenagers, no matter boys or girls, who mostly do this because of following their idols’ appearance or even as a habit or an obsession (Source 1 and 2). We will write a custom essay sample on Should We Spend Time In The Sun? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of this, more and more people tend to spend their holidays abroad as to get a suntan by holidaying in hot countries and using sunbed. Between 1971 and 2001, the number of trips had increased form 4. millions to 38. 7 millions, making a huge difference of over 9 times (Source 3). Also people are spending a lot of money to create fake tan and to use sunbed. Unfortunately, researches show that people who sunbathe show a higher risk of getting skin cancer, and the earlier they start, the higher the risk (Source 2 and 4). From the researches, I can see that in recent years, more and more people are willing to spend money on using sunbeds and creating fake tans (Source 2), so the income and popularity of these businesses increases. Also, a trend of holidaying in hot and sunny countries is shown (Source 3 and 4), creating more business opportunities for tourism in countries such as Italy and Spain. It is believed that spending time in the sun is the main cause of skin cancer (Source 5 and 6). The energy from the sun contains Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and there are two types of rays that exist in it, which are Ultraviolet A (UVA) and Ultraviolet B (UVB). They damage DNA, the genetic material that makes up genes. Genes control the growth and overall health of skin cells. If the genetic damage is severe, a normal skin cell may grow abnormally in the way of cancer cells. UV can also cause sunburn, and other damage that makes the skin look prematurely old and wrinkled. That is why many protection attempts are taken, such as avoiding excessive exposure to the sun (Source 6), and using sunscreen to increase our protection, the higher the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), the higher the protection you get (Source 7 and 8) The chances of getting a suntan, sunburn or skin cancer depend on many factors. One of the main factors is your skin colour (Source 9 and 10), the darker your skin, the lower the chance of getting any of the above. The other factor is the Sun Protection Factor of the sunscreen you apply (Source 8). The more you apply and the higher the factor gives more protection, and this results in less solar energy absorption. Another factor I found is the life expectancy. Due in large part to advances in medical technology, life expectancy for newborns has increased continuously over the past 70 years, from 57. 1 years in 1929 to 77. years in 2004, and an increase of more than two years in the past decade. (Source 11) Life expectancy affects the amount of sun exposure in a lifetime, which causes a higher risk of getting skin cancer because of a longer time of sun exposure. On the other hand, moderate and sensible sunlight exposure can help prevent skin cancer and some other cancers. In the case of skin cancer, sunlight causes vitamin D to synthesize in the body, giving some protection from the risk. This production of vitamin D can act as an immunity response from the body receiving Ultraviolet B rays from sunlight (Source 12, 13 and 14). Studies also show that people who get malignant melanoma but also have a high amount to daily sun exposure have a higher survival rate than people with less exposure. It is said that sunlight is more powerful than any drug, which is safe, effective and available free of charge (Source 12). I also found out that the amount of vitamin D our body need can be fulfilled by around thirty minutes in the sun each week (Source 15). Having some sunshine also affects our mood, as it stimulates the pineal gland to produce mood enhancing chemicals, called trytamines in the brain (Source 14). The sun can also help you achieve a good look if you like a healthy suntan (Source 14). In my opinion, I think we should not spend time in the sun, because our health is very important, and we should never take the risk of having skin cancer, especially not because of the desire for a suntan and to sacrifice their health. I think it is a waste of money and time to sunbathe. As for the production of vitamin D in our skin, which can be easily fulfilled by a thirty minutes sun exposure each week, we can do that by just having a walk. How to cite Should We Spend Time In The Sun?, Essays

The Struggles And Eventual Perseverance Of The Greek Mythology Essay Example For Students

The Struggles And Eventual Perseverance Of The Greek Mythology Essay Humans go through life fearing what struggles they may face, instead of taking control over their problems. In Mythology by Edith Hamilton, the Greek warriors took control over every struggle that came before them. Oedipus did his best to avoid his fate. Achilles knew the prophecy that was put in place for him. Odysseus’s biggest struggle would be his journey home. Hercules’s greatest task would be not letting his strength get the best of him. In Greek mythology, the journeys represented the internal struggles and eventual perseverance of mortals.   Oedipus began his life ignorant to the gravity of his own reality. His childhood was easy as the son of King Polybus, until he learned about Apollo s prophecy. To avoid his fate, Oedipus left Corinth with no clue as to where he would go. On the road to Thebes, he was confronted by his father who savagely attacked him, and in self-defense ended up killing his own father without even knowing it. We will write a custom essay on The Struggles And Eventual Perseverance Of The Greek Mythology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now His lonely wanderings led him to Thebes, which was besieged by the sphinx. He was a homeless friendless man to whom life meant little and he determined to seek the sphinx out and try to solve the riddle. (Hamilton 378). By solving the riddle, Oedipus became King and married the queen, ignorant to the fact that she was his mother. With Oedipus sons reaching adulthood, a plague fell upon Thebes, leaving very few survivors. To end the plague, Oedipus consulted the oracle at Delphi, determined to seek the killer of Laius. When Tiresias told him that he was the murderer, Oedipus exiled him away as a madman. Jocasta s explanation about Laius s death caused him doubt and the news that he was not the son of Polybus astonished him. Oedipus s hunger for the truth pushed him onward until the reality o. .k god, in an effort to seek vengeance for the murder of King Eurystheus’s son, punished Hercules by turning him into a slave. When Hercules learned of Deianira’s death, life was too much for him so he took his own. â€Å"Since death would not come to him, he would go to death† (Hamilton-243).  Ã‚   In the end, each warrior took control over each and every struggle that came before him, but not every soldier would make it out alive. Oedipus could not avoid his fate no matter what he did. Achilles killed Hector knowing that it would lead to his own death. Odysseus struggled for 20 years to return home to his family. Hercules took his own life because he could not deal with destroying anyone else’s after the death of Deianira. Each warrior knew their fate, but chose to keep fighting. Some took control over their struggles, but some could not escape what was planned for them.

dinosaurs and birds essays

dinosaurs and birds essays Are birds really dinosaurs or are they simply related? That is a question that has gained new life in recent years due to the overwhelming facts the are pouring in from newly found fossils and studies from fossils that have been found in the past. Two groups have formed in the study of this question: those who believe birds are a direct result of dinosaurs and those who feel dinosaurs and birds must have had a common ancestor. Determining which view is correct is a matter of opinion based on fact. The main problem involves the use of cladistics or phylogenetic systematics to group organisms according to characteristics they share. When one looks at dinosaur fossils, he or she may feel that certain characteristics are used for something entirely different than someone else who has looked at the same fossil. One cannot talk about dinosaur and bird lineage without mentioning Archaeopteryx. Most paleontologists agree that Archaeopteryx was the first bird. Archaeopteryx thus represents what paleontologists would call a transitional form between two major groups of animals, the reptiles (dinosaurs) and birds. The main difference between the theropods and Archaeopteryx were the long arms of the Archaeopteryx, adapted as wings, the feathers, and the presence of a wishbone that the theropods did not have. All of these features tie it to birds and its other characteristics tie it to theropods. One might say it was the missing link between the two. Opponents of this idea say that the similarities between Archaeopteryx and theropods were due to convergence, with the birdlike dinosaurs appearing in the Cretaceous some 75 million years after Archaeopteryx. Also, support is gaining that Archaeopteryx was not in fact the first bird, but instead a descendent of an earlier bird ancestor t ...

Famous Tips For Writing English Essays

Famous Tips For Writing English Essays English Essay: Developing an â€Å"A† grade Essay As you undertake your English coursework in both high school and college, you will realize how important essay writing is. To some students, crafting a good English essay may be a bit challenging, since creativity is an integral part of writing a good essay. Starting the learning process early and using the provided tips below on English essay writing, you will eventually craft a well-written essay. The Planning Stage You cannot just jump into writing an essay! You need to prepare yourself accordingly to ensure you save time when writing your work. Below are some helpful ideas that you can use for the preparation stage: Give Yourself Some Advanced Time Nothing substantial can come out of a 10 minute written work, not only in essay writing but also in other aspects of writing. Give yourself maximum time allowed to prepare and construct your thought and ideas. In this stage, you are expected to brainstorm, conduct research for related information that is already available, and eventually craft the most captivating ways that will convey the meaning of your written work. Jot down Your Ideas as You Brainstorm While you conduct your research, you will interact with many types of information that relates to your work. Make sure you write down the ideas they inspire in you. Bear in mind that at this stage, you are just gathering information and not writing your work. It just requires you to put down your ideas about the topic and be ready for the writing part of your English essay. Be Strictly Mindful of Your Thesis The thesis statement might only take at most two sentences of your total work, but still, it gives essence to your essay. It consists of the main idea that you intend to prove to your target audience, thus indicating its importance. Make sure that you thoroughly brainstorm your work and avoid choosing the first thesis statement that you think of. At least three to four ideas are enough to inspire the main thesis statement you are to come up with. Keep in mind that all the information and ideas you express in your work have to relate to the thesis statement you have given.   Also, your thesis statement should come as the last piece of information in your introductory paragraph. The thesis statement should highlight the main idea behind your essay in brief by understandably impressive manner. It provided the reader with an understanding of what you are to address from the start of your essay until the last part. Do not forget to construct it with a hook in place to ensure the reader is impressed and ready to read through all of the work presented. Put Enough Emphasis and Focus on the Introduction The thesis statement is not the only important part of your introduction. Furthermore, it is placed at the end of the introductory paragraph. This begs for two questions, what should you start with? How should you start your introduction? You are required to start your introduction by stating your problem in a way the reader will be interested in the subject matter you plan on expounding on. The following are ways you can use to achieve a good introduction: Begin your work with an anecdote Utilize the use of an uncommon factor interesting statement Keep the reader hooked by leading with a new notion relating to your topic of discussion. As a way of engaging the readers, pose a rhetoric question that will make them think it through Structure of a Comprehensible Outline Many students aimlessly write their essay without first coming up with an outline, and they eventually suffer in the long run. Please avoid this mistake because it will cost you a great deal of time when you have to restructure it all over again. Spare some quality time during your preparation stage to create a comprehensive outline for your work. By the time you are at this stage, you already have come up with a thesis statement and substantial information about your English essay. Now, arrange the information in a well-organized order until you achieve a logical flow of ideas. This will enable you to convince your readers and impress them at the same time about your point of view. To many students, writing an outline might seem to be a bother or waste of time if you are conversant with what you are to write about. This should be not the case since creating the required outline will save you time on writing and also prevent you from getting a writers block. Writing Process for an English Essay After you have successfully gathered your ideas and constructed an outline for your work, you can begin writing your work. Below are the key steps that are required at this stage of your work: Read Through Your Notes One More Time Go through your notes to ensure you have the required information to fit the outline you created. Even though an English essay requires more creativity, each idea needs to be supported by academic materials that relate to the subject matter. If you find information that lacks, do research about it and add it to your outline accordingly. Creatively Construct the Topic Sentences for Each Paragraph The first sentence is very crucial to your essay work.it is meant to hook the reader and impress them enough to read through the whole of your work. At this point try to avoid equivocal phrasing. Keep in mind that the first sentence of each paragraph should briefly give an outline of what to expect when reading through the whole paragraph. If you already are conversant with the topic of the discussion you intended to write about, then coming up with the topic sentences will be an easy task to handle. Even though the hook should give a clear definition of your paragraph, do not introduce all of the information. Ideally, use the topic sentence as a hook for the reader to read through your work. Develop Your Thoughts in Detail Most students only construct work from one or two ideas and fill up the remaining word count with information lacking sense or logic. This is referred to as padding in the academic level, which is discredited, not only in the writing of an English essay but also in all types of writing altogether.   Ave in mind the experience your professor has had with many students who came before you, so he or she has the knowledge of over a thousand essays regarding the same subject. This should make you understand that even for a new professor; he or she is well informed to detect padding within an essay. When you find yourself in a situation where you feel stuck, or your outline isn’t of enough help, use the following tips to help you through: Revert back to the stage you brainstormed about the topic. Try to broaden the ideas you came up with through extra research. You are also allowed to use free writing which helps a lot to avoid writers block, or even mind maps. Whichever you find fit, utilize it appropriately. Seek membership to a writing lab. Most of the academic institutions today have writing labs, and it can help you if you join one. Even though most of them have different functionalities, the main idea is for you to interact with other student and exchange ideas as all of your work on your projects. This will get you reliable feedback on the work you are doing and inspire you to work on the project more efficiently and effectively. Have a chat with your professor. The professor has the mandate to help you through your coursework to achieve academic excellence. Dont be shy, make an effort and consult where you require assistance. Find out the professors dedicated office hours and consult to improve the validity and credibility of the English essay to be presented. Use MLA Formatting Style A number of essays (especially those that require personal experience) do not need you to avail external references, but most of them do. In relation to writing an English essay on literature, it would be hard to imagine an instance where the work lacks support from either quotes or examples of the original context. Most English essay papers utilize the MLA (Modern Language Association) format. However, if the requirement is not provided, it is advisable to seek confirmation from the professor. The following are some of the elements that formulate the formatting structure of your English essay: Double spaced work throughout the paper Margins should be adjusted to one inch on all sides Stick to a 12-point font (Times New Roman is a preferable choice) No detached title page The top left corner should contain information about the student and course credentials. Page numbers placed at the top right corner Separate page In an instance where you are required to cite particular information, you should use quotation marks to frame the citation, with the authors name put in brackets. When referencing is done, including the authors last name and page number (If accessible). Altogether, if your citation comes from an in folio source, online journal or article with a page with page numbers, make sure you include the page number as you reference your work. You will notice that no punctuation marks are used in between the last name and the page number. For instance, (Muithya 10). The preserved punctuation will be used when referencing the citation at the end of your work. Keep in mind that your Page should have the authors name, the title of cited work, the city it was published and the name of the publishing company. It is advisable to also include any more information available (page numbers, online or print, and so on). Create a Captivating Conclusion At this point, you have already come up with the body paragraphs and detailed them accordingly. For the conclusion part, you should convey a summary of your work which is to leave a good impression to any reader of your work. In short, you are to restate your main ideas that you discussed in your body paragraphs and provide proof of the validity of the thesis statement you provided. However, in regard to an English essay, you may need to put more effort when working on the conclusion of your work. For any piece of creative essay, the suspense is an important element. This helps in your body paragraphs to make the reader anticipate that the conclusion is about to be addressed. The following ideas will ensure that you come up with an impressive conclusion of your work: Evaluate the information you have made available to your readers. Offer a proposal for more research relating to the subject. Give a brief description of the significance of your paper. Revision of Your Work The conclusion work is not the final stage of your work. You need to revise your work appropriately and below are some of the aspects you should remember while you are at this stage: Take Your Time Give yourself time to rest and be fresh again to read through your work. You need to identify and correct any form of spelling, punctuation, grammatical of structuring errors. You should plan for at least one or two days for the revision of your work. Begin with the Content. Spelling Comes After As you proofread your paper, avoid focusing first on the spelling errors or combining this practice with the editing of your content.   This will lead to loss of time.   Start with editing your content and consider the following questions: How clear are your arguments? Do the transitions used to provide a logical flow of ideas? Do all of your ideas relate to the thesis statement you presented? Is your wording within the acceptable academic requirements? Inquire Assistance from One of Your Friends It’s more prudent if a different person read through your paper as they will easily point out issues that you can correct in the long run.

Properties of social media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Properties of social media - Assignment Example One of the key moments in the history occurred in 1971 when the first email was sent. Since the discovery of this important function, individuals and business entities have ever used it to communicate and collaborate. Likewise, e-mails form a core component of the collaborative projects and are used by the participants to communicate and interact freely. E-mail messaging is not important to businesses, but also networking communities who use it in communicating and sharing of ideas. The second moment in the history of social media occurred in 1979 with the launch of the usernets and bulletin board systems which allowed users to exchange information over phone lines. According to Cane bulletin boards form an important component of the computer mediated communication system and social interaction (78). The system has revolutionized text-based communication while elintaing the need for visual contact. Another key moment is the discovery of the World Wide Web in 1989 by the British Engin eer Tim Berners Lee. The World Wide Web has brought people together while facilitating the formation of virtual communication. The World Wide Web is very important as it supports all the forms of social media and without it, the sharing of information between users would be impossible. At the same time, World Wide Web facilitates sharing of information between businesses, suppliers and increasing efficiency in an organization. The expansion of the social media sphere would not have been without earlier attempts by the Globe.com, classmates.com, Geocities and the Sixdegrees to create platforms where users can develop their own profiles and exchange important information with their friends and other users. The social media sphere thereafter exploded with the launch of the Friendster.com, Facebook, Twitter and MySpace. The fifth key component of the social media is the content communities which have become prevalent in the modern society. A perfect example of a content community is the You Tube which was launched in 2005. YouTube allows the users to share videos, has become phenomenal and it could even be used in the promotion of e-commerce. In this regard, by uploading YouTube video content, business entities can be able to popularize their offerings. Use of viral marketing using social media tools has become a common method that is quickly replacing the traditional forms of marketing. All the above five moments have impacted positively on the way people communicate and are credited with expanding the social media sphere. Question 2: Properties of social media It is very important to make a distinction between industry and social media, to ensure organization choose the most appropriate integrated communication mix. In this regard, an organization should be able to compare and contrasts the benefits and the shortcomings of using the two forms of media. On one hand, social media could be advantageous since it only requires limited sources and creates an immediate impact while on the other hand, industry media could have a more long-lasting impact besides producing high quality advertisements. The differentiating properties also allow organizations to determine the tradeoffs they are willing to make in order to maximize the benefits of their resources. However, the properties of quality and reach do not well differentiate social and the industry media. This is because the quality of both industrial and social media ranges from high to low and there is no clear distinction. Likewise, just like industrial media, social media has become a serious tool and its distribution

Protecting Privacy in Social Media Research Paper

Protecting Privacy in Social Media - Research Paper Example Users create profiles which they share with friends as a form of self expression. When registering as a user of a particular social media; the information mostly shared with other users and available to the public includes photos, age, gender, contacts and interests (Massey 3). Moreover, most people provide their biographic data such as their education, employment history and hometown. Although users have a right to determine who accesses their information on this social media; their information may got to unauthorized persons thereby infringing on the rights of the user. Security and privacy of one’s information is a major concern for many users of social media, where some networks allow personal information to be accessed by advertising groups or some malicious people who can use such information to the determent of the users. Privacy involves the right of an individual to control collection and utilization of personal data. Problems Associated with Social Media Usage The ma jor privacy problem of experienced by social media users is that their information is accessed by unauthorized persons. Additionally, there is usually a problem of having social media allowing other applications to access users’ information which is used for various purposes such as marketing. The other privacy issue is where some users sign up to the social media with intention of spying on someone and eventual doing something malicious to them or disturbing them. The other problem in social media is posting of indecent photographs and videos which should not be viewed by children although these networks do not have adequate measures to protect children from such materials. The other security and privacy issue arise when one’s status update may be used by criminals to in crime. According to (Jackson et al 212), security and privacy issues related to social media are generally behavioral issues rather than technology. The other problems associated with use of social me dia is that the applications that are used to lure users into the network also expose this sites prone to infection by malware which can lead to shutting down of organization network while keystroke loggers may access credentials. Other risks in social networking include sphere phishing, spoofing and social engineering. Solution Section To guarantee security and privacy the information of social users, it is important that when registering on the social media, one must read the privacy policy. This is because most social media have a functionality which allows users to define the people who can access their information or the people who can they can share information with. Although most social media offers security and privacy setting most users do not take set their security information (Jackson et al 214). Security setting in social media helps users to control the people who can access their information. Additionally, privacy settings help to ensure that a user’s informati on cannot be accessed when searched on the common search engines like Google (Notess 41). When registering as a new user, one needs to review the security policy of the social media since there are some social networks which share emails and other data with third parties. To protect the security and privacy of our information on the social networks, we must be cautious before clicking a link to access to a new page or when opening an online application although the

An Overview Of Employee Suggestion Schemes Commerce Essay

An Overview Of Employee Suggestion Schemes Commerce Essay Innovations are becoming increasingly important for organizations to remain competitive in the dynamic business environment. Employee Suggestions Systems plays a key role for organizations wishing to become more innovative. It is a useful tool used in the organization to elicit employees creative ideas. Over the past decades, suggestion schemes have been studied from many perspectives. The objective of this paper is to present the history and evolution of suggestion schemes, from their early beginnings to sophisticated computer based systems that are widely popular in many countries. We start by discussing the origins of suggestion systems, followed by discussing how they have evolved over the years, and understand a typical process involved in suggestion system. We would like to discuss the future model of suggestion system that can sustain and contribute significantly towards the success of the organizations. Through a literature review, we describe the existing research on suggest ion schemes to understand the critical drivers and barriers for the success of the suggestion schemes. This paper also cites and illustrates the well-known suggestion systems used by UAE organizations and their benefits. The literature, while extolling the many virtues of suggestion programs makes it clear that achieving the expected results from the programs is quite challenging as it involves organizational as well individual level factors and needs to focus on creativity and as well transformation of the creativity into innovations. The paper provides the list of driver and barriers to suggestion schemes mainly stemming from creativity, innovation and suggestion system literatures. The suggestion making and suggestion implementation are two crucial stages and both are equally important for the success of the scheme and are influenced by a number of factors. Organizations must therefore identify these critical factors to nurture both these stages. The schemes can be applied in any sector to elicit employee creative ideas but must have a formal mechanism to action this. Managers need to be aware critical success factors that are essential for the success of the schemes. It is clear that suggestion schemes will not yield results without the active involvement of everyone in the organization, and the required resources and support from top management. The future of suggestion scheme is bright as a tool for fueling innovation. Organizations need to recognize and evaluate their schemes to yield its potential benefits. There need to be sustainability in suggestion schemes. Organizations need to assess their schemes to recognize if right conditions exist for their sche mes to flourish. This paper should be of value to practitioners of suggestion schemes and to academics who are interested in knowing how this program has evolved, and where it is today and what future it holds. Although much research has been conducted on identifying these critical success factors to the authors knowledge, little focus has been directed towards sustenance of the suggestion system. This paper makes the contribution for identifying the research gap in the suggestion schemes and has assimilated the existing knowledge on suggestion systems to provide a quick run through to the field and has extended the search for drivers and barriers to suggestion scheme from creativity and innovation literature. Key Words: Employee, Suggestion System, Creativity, Innovation, Employee Involvement, Ideas Management Introduction An Employee Suggestion Scheme (ESS) is described as a formalized mechanism that encourages employees to contribute constructive ideas for improving the organization in which they work (Milner et al., 1995). Another elaborate definition explains suggestion schemes elicit suggestions from employees, classify them, and dispatch them to experts for evaluation (Cooley et al., 2001). After this, the suggestion might be adopted, in which case the suggestion maker will be rewarded. But even if a suggestion is rejected, the suggestion maker may still be rewarded with a token gift. So the managers or dedicated committees evaluate the suggestions and implement the one that works (Chaneski, 2006). The reward may range from a certificate to a reward commensurate with the savings generated by the suggestion. Researchers in this area explain that the suggestion scheme is a mechanism or a tool that fosters creativity, elicits untapped reservoirs of ideas and fuels both product or process innovations , triggers a work place improvement, improves process effectiveness, saves money or helps generate new revenue and increases organizational commitment and accountability among employees (Carrier,1998; Buech et al., 2010; Fairbank and William,2001; 96. Townsend,2009;Islam, 2007;Arthur et al., 2010 Lloyd,1996). Thus they are structured to have many goals and purposes (Kanna et al., 2005). There are others who view suggestion systems as mechanism to improve quality as well (Islam, 2007; Kanna et al., 2005). It is a known fact that no one would know the job, its specific processes( Darragh -Jeromos, 2005) better than the employees themselves as they are on the shop floor and are experiencing the advantages of what they are doing(Du plessis et al., 2008). Therefore, the suggestion scheme can be an advantageous way to gather suggestions in the work place by fostering this concept and taping into all employee creativity (Darragh-Jeromo, 2005). Over the past decades, suggestion schemes have been studied from many perspectives. In this paper, our objective is to present the history and evolution of suggestion schemes, from their early beginnings to sophisticated computer based systems that are widely popular in many countries. We start by discussing the origins of the suggestion system, followed by how it has evolved over the years, and understand a typical process involved in the suggestion system. Through a literature review, we describe the existing research on suggestion schemes in order to understand the critical drivers and barriers for the success of suggestion schemes. This paper also identifies future research opportunities in this field. The History and Evolution of the Suggestion Schemes In 1721, Yoshimune Tokugawa, the 8th Shogun, placed a box called Meyasubako at the entrance of the Edo Castle for written suggestions from his subjects (Arif et al., 2010). Although this is the most basic system known, an industrialized suggestion systems origin traces back to the 19th century. In 1880, William Denny, a Scottish shipbuilder asked his employees to offer suggestions in order to build ships in better ways (Islam 2007). Following this, the Kodak company became pioneer in this endeavor with its program being introduced in 1896 (Carrier, 1998). Industry associations, such as the Employee Involvement Association (EIA), then came into existence and they have contributed greatly to the increased formalization, objectivity, and professionalism of suggestion programs (Townsend,2009). Formerly, the National Association of Suggestion Systems, the EIA has instituted educational, statistical, and professional development programs to raise the bar of best practices in the encouragem ent, evaluation, development, and implementation of ideas that add value to their organizations. The IdeasUK, UKs foremost association for the promotion of employee involvement programmes was founded in 1987, its prime purpose being to assist organizations in both the public and private sector, an organization with more than 100 members worldwide. On the other hand in Japan the program was well known as the Kaizan Program. While Kaizen-oriented suggestion systems are primarily interested in generating many small improvements, western suggestion systems encourage the pursuit of innovation (Ohly et al., 2006). Simultaneously, suggestion schemes also became popular in many countries and they have a considerable history that includes USA, Europe, Asia and the Middle East (Cooley et al., 2001). The well-known suggestion schemes have been in existence for over 60 years and companies like Japans Toyotas and Indias Tata Steel Mill represent a usage of these historic systems. Around the 1990s suggestion schemes became increasingly popular. In 1994, one employee suggestion alone saved British Gas  £4.4 million. The research around 1996 reported that the world class suggestion systems are exceeding 40 ideas per person annually, with greater than 80 percent implementation rates and high levels of participation (Savageau, 1996). The ETA 2004 annual suggestion program provided statistics from 41 of its member organizations in the United States. From this limited sample, a total of more than $811 million in savings and other benefits were realized as a result of employee suggestion programs (Townsend,2009). The latest 2009 Annual Survey of IdeasUK highlighted the following benefits amongst their membership organizations such as Boots, HSBC, Ministry of Defence and Dubai Aluminum. Cost savings of over  £100m with the average implemented idea worth  £1,400.00. Return on Investment of at least 5:1. Employee involvement increased with average participation rates of 28% The trend of cost savings due to employee suggestions continues till today. The Existing Research on Suggestion Systems An illustration of a formal process involved in the suggestion schemes Suggestions systems have come a long way (Arif et al., 2010) transiting from anonymous postboxes (Crail, 2006) or suggestion box to a sophisticated computer based electronic suggestion system (Fairbank and William 2001; Ahmed, 2009). The suggestion system is a process of two or more stages comprising mainly the suggestion making, the evaluation and implementation of the idea (Van and Ende, 2002; Prathur and Turrel, 2002; Lipponen et al., 2008; Bakker et al., 2006; Marx, 1995;Griffiths et al., 2006). There has been a negligence of research on the initial ideas generation phase that precedes the innovation, mainly because one major group of researchers who consider organizational creativity is fostered through the personal characteristics and motivations of creative individuals turned its attention to context and organizational factors(Carrier,1998). However the common process involved in the suggestion management system is depicted in fig 1: Description: http://www.apo-tokyo.org/productivity/pmtt_004b.jpg In recent times the suggestion schemes have also been known as Idea Capture Systems or Idea Management Systems. Leach (2006) claims that the Idea capture system can fall into four categories: Centralized suggestion schemes, De-centralized suggestion schemes, Work based systems Informal systems. Literature shows that the subject of suggestion schemes is multidisciplinary. Broadly the theoretical base for suggestion schemes emerges from the literature on creativity and innovation. This is mainly because the researchers describe suggestion systems as tools that stimulate creativity or innovation (Carrier,1998). Innovation begins with creative ideas (Amabile et al., 1996) and thus creativity and innovation are interlinked and the process in the suggestion system is mainly focused on eliciting the employees creative ideas and implementing them to fuel innovations. The main focus of the research then goes to the factors that trigger creativity and innovation. Researchers have examined these factors from three points of views (Buech et al.,2010) The first considers work environment. A second stream of research, focusing on the features of suggestion systems, weighs the influence of feedback about suggestions, management support of the system and rewards for successful suggestions, the third deals with the characteristics of the individuals. The creativity and innovation literature also highlights these contextual, organizational and individual factors that foster creativity and innovation but it is also evident that the contextual factors that foster creativity and innovation would also foster the suggestion making as well (Ohly et al.,2006). The factors cited to be drivers to creativity, suggestion system and innovation are identified below. Factors fostering Suggestion Making, Creativity and Innovation A good suggestion scheme should play a vital role in improving communication and promoting and enhancing the sense of common purpose (McConville, 1990). People need social, informational, and economic support to be able to create something new (Majdar, 2005). The creativity in an organizational context emerges from a process of sharing information with other people within the organization (Bakker et al., 2006). Although the social networking alone cannot be considered as an important source of information for innovation(Bigliardi et al., 2009), the high quality social exchange relationships (Kudisch, 2006), social influences(Klijn et al., 2010),collaboration(Bjà ¶rklund,2010; Fairbank et al.,2001), and diverse group exchanges(Shalley et al.,2004) can stimulate employee creativity. Even in a field where innovation is essential, most of the acute challenges do not concern innovation skills, but rather the organizational context of innovation the work communities culture, habits, and practices (Bjà ¶rklund, 2010). Creativity and innovation will only be sporadic occurrences and will not thrive without a supportive environment and culture (Malaviya Wadhwa, 2005;Amabile et al.,1996). Every organization has its own culture and needs and its suggestion system should be molded around that (Marx, 1995). The organization structure often hinders tacit knowledge sharing by establishing wrong authorities (Alwis et al., 2008). Several studies have shown how certain organizational structures facilitate the creation of new products and processes, especially in relation to fast changing environments (Lam,2010). Organization structures have to be modified in different industries so that the organizational structure of a company or a department supports transfer and transmission of tacit knowledge in the best way (Alwis et al., 2008). Management practices of the organization play a role in the success of the suggestion programs (Carrier, 1998). Management has a responsibility to satisfy the need for employee participation and they are required to create a culture which is supportive of employee involvement in the decisions which affect their work (Reychav et al., 2010). Senior management ought to demonstrate their faith in the scheme, promote and support it and encourage all managers to view it as a positive force for continuous improvement (McConville, 1990). Management must get actively involved by creating the opportunities for employees to submit their ideas, get those ideas properly evaluated, give recognition when it is due and implement them as soon as possible (Du plessis, 2008). Converting managers, particularly those in the middle is crucial (McConville,1990). Undoubtly, people will produce creative work when they perceive for example that the management is required to encourage (Amabile et al., 1996). T herefore a visible commitment from top management can encourage employee active participation in the scheme. Studies have shown that a traditional, autocratic management style results in low levels of employee engagement and motivation (Hayward, 2010). Empowering leadership has the capacity to positively influence employee psychological empowerment -an element of importance in affecting creative outcome (Zhang, 2010). On the other hand leadership styles that include threats, intimidation, and coercive tactics appear to universally discourage creative behavior on the part of employees (Anderson et al., 2008). The coworker support (Madjar,2008;Majdar 2005;Shalley et al.,2004;Arif et al., 2010) is another important element that can trigger employees to make suggestions. Tatter (1975) notes, the best way to kill a system are to let an idea remain in limbo for four, five or six months. The goal should be to completely process a suggestion in about 30 days and in no more than 60 days. To handle employee creativity effectively, it is important to organize the process of idea extraction to idea fo llow-up properly, otherwise employees will not be motivated to put their ideas forward and many ideas will be lost (Van Ende, 2002). The knowledge possessed by individual employees can only lead to a firm competitive advantage if employees have the motivation and opportunity to share and utilize their individual knowledge in ways that benefit the organization (Arthur et al., 2005). Therefore the development of an infrastructure (Marx 1995) with simple methods (Hultgren, 2008) for submitting suggestions (McConville, 1990) is a key aspect of the suggestion scheme. The companies lack of action on suggestions provided by non-managerial employees can de-motivate employees from participating in employee relation programs (Cho and Erdum 2006). Fairbank (2003) argues the formal Employee suggestion Management systems(ESMS)s are superior to the stereotypical suggestion box because they make it easier for employees to submit ideas that will eventually be implemented, provide a transparent pro cess for evaluating the suggestions, and generate timely feedback regarding the fate of the suggestions and any rewards they earn. Such a system can help to monitor the progress of the scheme on a regular basis (Hultgren, 2008). The more comfortable employees are with the format, the more suggestions will be received, and the more money will be saved (Mishra, 1994). Good ideas can come from anyone, at any level, any place, anytime (McConville, 1990; Majdar ,2005). Therefore a suggestion scheme should make all its employees at all levels eligible to participate (McConville, 1990; Lloyd, 1996). The involvement can be increased if employees develop a sense of belonging to the organization (Cruz et al., 2009). Empowerment is necessary so that the workers evaluate their own ideas before making a suggestion, as suggesting many ideas do not necessarily mean greater cost reduction and at the same time, it would be an added cost to process and may cause delays (Wynder, 2008). The biggest obstacles in the suggestion cycle lie in the area of review, evaluation and guidance. Insensitive comments of proposal reviewers can sometime kill an employees improvement initiative (Neagoe et al., 2009). When the review, evaluation and guidance aspect of the system functions properly, it can be a great motivating force that will attract many excellent proposals (Neagoe et al., 2009). If ideas are made public, these ideas, good and bad, could have started other creative ideas elsewhere in the organization (Stenmark, 2000). A modern well-managed suggestion scheme lies not in the immediate financial returns, but in the contribution made to achieving greater involvement and team- work (McConville,1990). Creative ideas are more often the product of social interaction and influence than of periods of thinking in isolation (Majdar, 2005) The cash rewards and recognition alone will not make a suggestion system successful (Strane,2000). Employee morale should be boosted by creating success stories and measuring the success of the scheme through the implementation of ideas (Marx, 1995; Hultgren, 2008; Lloyd, 1996; Cho Erdem 2006). A suggestion system is clearly a money saver in an organization (Mishra, 1994). There needs to be various strategies in place to avoid employee boredom and to consider the life cycle of the system, employees must be rewarded not only with tangible but also intangible benefits (Ahmed 2009). Incentives are important for employees to feel that submission of their useable ideas will be rewarded (Du plessis et al., 2008). It was also found that the volume of employee suggestions over time will be positively related to the amount of payout (Arthur et al., 2010). Depending on the attention given to advertising the schemes and how participation is rewarded, organizations could improve the return on the idea capture system (Leach et al., 2006). Individuals have the greatest possible number of characteristics that positively influence their creative performance (Muà ±oz-Doyague, 2008). Keeping workers intrinsically motivated is the key part for improving creativity and performance. No doubt, intrinsic motivation is a universally important and substantial factor (Suh et al.,2008). Sending individuals to state-of- the-art seminars, training programs, and conferences as a reward for their creativity might increase the positive impact (Griffiths-hemans et al., 2006). This will be the energy of renewal and the drive to a successful future. The Barriers to suggestion systems Research also reports on barriers that could hinder the success of the suggestion scheme. They are mainly cited as work load pressure, task reutilization, task standardization, unsupportive climate, aversive leadership, co-worker mistrust, coworker incompetence, budget problems, impractical idea, technical issues, competition, delay in assessment, controlled supervision, lack of support, fear of evaluation, free riding, lack of self confidence, low commitment to organization and system, rigid rules,self-interest, challenge of the work and resistance from middle managers(Alwis Hartmann 2008;Amabile et al.,1996;Anderson Veillette 2008;Bakker et al., 2006;Carreir 1998; Oldham and Cummings 1996;Lyold 1999;Mclean 2005;McConville 1990;Toubia,2006;Sadi,2008;Wong Pang Finally, the existing research also evidences that although the interest and practice in Continuous Improvement (CI) are widespread in many organizations, many of them have major problems in sustaining success in their CI programs (Rapp and Eklund, 2007),). Many organizations are faced with problems associated with both the implementation and sustainability of their CI programs. There is no study which gives account of the design features for frequency of feedback or extent to publicity (Leach,2006).Despite the increasing popularity of the gain sharing plans, evidence for their effectiveness has remained mixed(Arthur et al., 2010). Suggestion systems should not exist primarily as a means to recognize employees only (Darragh Jeromos 2005) but to utilize the scheme to its fullest extent. So a well designed system will accomplish both these goals resulting in tangible as well as intangible benefits (Ahmed, 2009). Overall suggestion system is a great mechanism that involves individual a nd teams in improving the organization performance (Crail, 2006) and they have a strong and significant effect on both process and product innovation (Townsend, 2009). It perfectly matches todays market need to deal with knowledge based workers who expect their involvement to be recognized and utilization of their skills to its fullest (Kesting et al., 2010). # Indicators Source 1 Supervisory encouragement Mclean 2005;Marx 1995;Shalley Gilson 2004;Tatter 1975;Frese et al 1999;Lloyd 1996;Ohly et al 2006;Arif et al 2010;Hardin 1964 2 Co worker support Madjar 2008;Majdar 2005;Shalley Gilson 2004;Arif et al 2010 3 Top Mgt Support Huang Farh 2009.;Amabile et al 2004;Carreir 1998;Egan 2005;Jong Hartog 2007;Marx 1995;McConville 1990;Du plessis 2008;Ahmed 2009;Mishara 1994;Powell 2008;Prather Turrell;Rice 2009;Zhang 2010;Khairuzzaman;Bell 1997 ;Unsworth 2005;Hayward 2010. 4 organizational Encouragement Fairbank and Williams 2001;Alves et al 2007;Ahmed 1998;Alwis Hartmann 2008 Amabile et al 1996;Arthur Kim 2005;Bjà ¶rklund 2010;Darragh-Jeromos 2005;Ellonen et al., 2008;Griffiths-hemans Grover 2006;Janssen, O., 2004;Klijn Tomic 2010;Kudisch 2006;Neagoe Klein 2009;Mclean 2005;Malaviya, P., 2005;McConville 1990;Powell 2008;Prather Turrell; Recht Wildero ,1998;Shalley Gilson 2004;Al-Alawi et al 2007;Rietzschel 2008;Zhou George(2001);Stranne 1964;Van Ende 2002;Bell 1997 ;Khairuzzaman;Bigliardi Dormio 2009 5 Communication Alves et al 2007;Aoki 2008;Arthur et al 2010.;Binnewies et al 2007;Bjà ¶rklund 2010.Klijn Tomic 2010;Kudisch 2006;Madjar 2008;Majdar 2005;Madjar 2008;Majdar 2005;McConville 1990;Ahmed 2009; Recht Wildero ,1998;Shalley Gilson 2004;Tatter 1975;Khairuzzaman;Monge ;Al-Alawi et al 2007;Clark 2009;Fairbank and Williams 2001;Stranne 1964 6 Evaluation Egan 2005; Rietzschel 2008;Neagoe Klein 2009;Marx 1995;McConville 1990;Ahmed 2009;Powell 2008;Tatter 1975;Van Ende 2002;Hultgren 2008;Lloyd 1996;Winter 2009;Sarri et al ,2010;Fairbank and Williams 2001. 7 Publicity Reuter 1976;Mishara 1994;Tatter 1975;Fairbank and Williams 2001. Kudisch 2006;Neagoe Klein 2009;Leach et al 2006;Marx 1995;McConville 1990;Prather Turrell;Lloyd 1996;Winter 2009;Crail 2007 8 Resources   Alves et al 2007;Amabile et al 1996;Griffiths-hemans Grover 2006;Klijn Tomic 2010;Mclean 2005;McConville 1990;Shalley Gilson 2004;Van Ende 2002;Lloyd 1996;Bigliardi Dormio 2009;Clark 2009 9 Rewards Lloyd 1996; Klijn Tomic 2010;Arthur Kim 2005;Arthur et al 2010. ;Bartol Srivastava 2002;Darragh-Jeromos 2005;Neagoe Klein 2009;Leach et al 2006;Lloyd.1999;Marx 1995;McConville 1990;Du plessis 2008;Ahmed 2009;Mishara 1994;Rapp and Eklund 2007;Rice 2009;Shalley Gilson 2004;Tatter 1975;Teglborg-Lefevre, a.C., 2010;Van Ende 2002;Arif et al 2010;Bell 1997 ;Frese et al 1999;Winter 2009;Al-Alawi et al 2007;Baird Wang 2010;Bartol Srivastava 2002;Clark 2009;Crail 2007;Rietzschel(2008);Suh Shin 2008. ;Lyold 1999 10 Training Paulus 2008;Tatter 1975;Baird Wang 2010;Stranne 1964;Birdi 2005 11 Effective simple System Reuter 1976;Lloyd 1996 Arthur Kim 2005;Lloyd 1999;Marx 1995;McConville 1990;Fairbank 2003;Mishara 1994;Prather Turrell;Rapp and Eklund 2007;Tatter1975;Van Ende 2002;Arif et al 2010;Frese et al 1999;Hultgren 2008; Winter 2009;Bigliardi Dormio 2009;Clark 2009;Fairbank and Williams 2001;Lyold 1999;Bassadur 1992;Hultgren 2008 12 feedback Cho Erdem 2006 ;Bakker et al 2006 ;Buech et al 2010;Leach et al 2006;Mishara 1994;Powell 2008;Rapp and Eklund 2007;Arif et al 2010;Hultgren 2008;Fairbank and Williams 2001. ;Stranne 1964;Bassadur 1992;Van Ende 2002;Du plessis 2008 13 Implementation of suggestion Marx 1995;McConville 1990;Hultgren 2008;Lloyd 1996;Cho Erdem 2006 14 Job factors Amabile et al 1996;Anderson Veillette 2008. ;Bjà ¶rklund 2010.;Buech et al 2010;Griffiths-hemans Grover 2006;Hirst 2009;Powell 2008;Rego et al 2009;Shalley Gilson 2004;Shalley Gilson 2004;Frese et al 1999;Axtell et al 2000;Muà ±oz-Doyague et al( 2008);Unsworth 2005;Cruz et al 2009;de Jong den Hartog 2010. 15 Empowerment Recht Wildero ,1998;Lipponen et al 2008;Mclean 2005;Powell 2008;Axtell et al 2000;de Jong den Hartog 2010; Unsworth 2005 16 Expertise Bantel Jackson 1989;Bjà ¶rklund 2010;Griffiths-hemans Grover 2006;Klijn Tomic 2010;Madjar 2008;Majdar 2005;Verworn 2009;Bigliardi Dormio 2009 17 Individual attributes and self efficacy Huang Farh 2009.;Egan 2005;Lipponen et al 2008;Verworn 2009;Frese et al 1999;Axtell et al 2000;Aoki 2008.; Lipponen et al 2008;Binnewies et al 2007;Bjà ¶rklund 2010. ;Griffiths-hemans Grover 2006 ;Klijn Tomic 2010 ;Lipponen et al 2008;Litchfield 2008;Malaviya, P., 2005;Powell 2008; Recht Wildero ,1998;Shalley Gilson 2004;Verworn 2009;Janssen 2004;Litchfield 2008;Cruz et al 2009;Huang Farh 2009.;Aoki 2008.;Arthur et al 2010. ;Bjà ¶rklund 2010.;Darragh-Jeromos 2005;Egan 2005;Muà ±oz-Doyague 2008 18 job control Anderson Veillette(2008);Mclean, L.D., 2005;Sadi (2008);Anderson Veillette(2008) Wong Pang (2003);Neagoe, L.N. Klein, V.M., 2009;McConville(1990) 19 Organizational impediments Stenmark(2000);Alwis Hartmann(2008). Anderson, T.a. Veillette, a., 2008;Wong Pang (2003);Toubia 2005;Bakker, H., Boersma, K. Oreel, S., 2006);Amabile et al (1996);Lyold (1999);Fairbank, J.F., Spangler, W.E. Williams, S.D., 2003.Du Plessis, AJ, Marx, AE Wilson, G 2008 Fairbank, J.F., Spangler, W.E. Williams, S.D., 2003. Carrier C., 1998;Fairbank, J.F., Spangler, W.E. Williams, S.D., 2003;Du Plessis, AJ, Marx, AE Wilson, G 2008;.BaMcConville(1990);Mostaf El-Masry( 2009) 20 Team work Rapp and Eklund 2007; Amabile et al 1996;Aoki 2008;Carreir 1998;Darragh-Jeromos 2005;Mclean 2005;McConville 1990;Shalley Gilson 2004;Baird Wang 2010;Egan 2005;Pissarra Jesuino 2005;Fairbank and Williams 2001. 21 Competition Bakker, H., Boersma, K. Oreel, S., 2006) 22 Support for innovation Lipponen et al 2008;Hultgren 2008 23 employee participation Alves et al 2007;McConville 1990;Lloyd 1996;Fairbank and Williams 2001. ;Cruz et al 2009; Neagoe, L.N. Klein, V.M., 2009 Discussion Suggestion systems have evolved from a traditional suggestion box to sophisticated electronic systems aiming to encourage all employees to take part in suggestion schemes and to rapidly process the ideas received from the employees and put to practical use. Large organizations are focusing on achieving bigger goals at company level as well as at employee level to accrue the tangible as well as intangible benefits. However companys need to carefully implement the program as every organization has its own culture, it needs to tailor the program to meet their organization needs and what they expect from this system must be clearly known. While suggestion schemes have evolved over the decades, the main underlying factor driving this engine is to pursue workplace improvements, process or product innovations. Research in this field has been mainly focused on features of suggestion schemes, guidelines for implementation and critical success factors and critical barriers encompassing the organizational as well as the individual contexts. Research also evidences its contribution as to how organizations have utilized the tool to obtain small workplace improvements through to good sized innovation and if implemented they contribute in building organizations innovation capability. The suggestion making and suggestion implementation are two crucial stages and both are equally important for the success of the scheme and are influenced by a number of factors. Organizations must therefore identify these critical factors to nurture both these stages. The schemes can be applied in any sector to elicit employee creative ideas but must have a formal mechanism to action this. Managers need to be aware of critical success factors that are essential for the success of the schemes. It is clear that suggestion schemes will not yield results without the active involvement of everyone in the organization, and the required resources and support from top management. The suggestion schemes are here to stay mainly because they are the vehicle for innovations. Today we live in a knowledge economy where innovation is not only significant but a key corner stone for an organizations growth and sustainability. The future of the suggestion scheme is bright as a tool for fueling innova tion. Organizations need to recognize and evaluate their schemes to yield its potential benefits. There needs to be sustainabil

LGUs Warned For Late Class Suspension Announcement Essay

MANILA, Philippines — Malacaà ±ang told local government units (LGUs) that the late announcement of class suspension in some areas on Tuesday should be the last time it should happen, reminding LGUs of their responsibility to announce class suspension as early as possible. Deputy presidential spokesperson Abigail Valte also asked the public to be more patient with LGUs because of the new system that transferred to the LGUs the responsibility of ordering the suspension of classes which was previously the function of the Department of Education (DepEd)â€Å"We are giving them a little more time to cope with the new system and we hope that this will be the last time,† Valte said. She said it would be up to the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) to impose sanctions on LGUs that failed to announce class suspension on time during inclement weather. According to Valte, local governments should make the announcement as early as 4:30 a.m. â€Å"We will be asking for a little bit of your patience because it is a new system and our LGUs would also need to get used to that system, but again we would like to remind them as well as a reminder from the DILG that the responsibility of suspending classes in your locality is now with your local chief executives,† she said. Valte said the responsibility of announcing class suspension was given to the local governments because the DepEd, which used to announce the suspension of classes, also gets information from LGUs whether or not to have class suspension in their respective areas. Valte said they had noticed the numerous complaints aired by the public in various media outfits on the late class suspension yesterday. She said DILG Secretary Jesse Robredo has vowed to remind LGUs of the new protocol.Valte said President Aquino is continuing to monitor the weather and flood situation, particularly in Metro Manila and nearby areas. Classes were suspended in most parts of the metropolis yesterday due to heavy rains which caused flooding in major thoroughfares. Valte, however, said there was no suspension of work in government offices. Based on the DepEd Order, Signal No. 1 will permit the suspension of classes in public and private pre-school and kindergarten classes in the affected areas while Signal No. 2 allows for the suspension of elementary and secondary classes. At Signal No. 3, classes in all levels are cancelled. LGU officials are supposed to announce cancellation of classes not later than 4:30 a.m. for whole-day cancellation and 11 a.m. for afternoon class suspension. Meanwhile, two dams in Luzon reached their critical water level due to continuous intense rains over the watershed areas yesterday, the state weather bureau said. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) hydrologist Max Peralta said one spillway gate of Ipo Dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan had been releasing excess water since yesterday morning. As of 11 a.m. yesterday, Ipo Dam’s level reached 100.75 meters, or 0.11 meters lower than its spilling level of 100.86 meters. â€Å"Before 10 a.m., two gates were opened. Only one gate remains opened due to less rains over the area,† Peralta said â€Å"Water released from the Ipo dam is at 48 cubic meters per second. This is quite minimal and may not flood the downstream communities near the Angat River,† he explained. Likewise, water level in La Mesa Dam in Quezon City remained critical at 79.52 meters, as of 11 a.m. yesterday. This was 0.63 meters short of the 80.15-meter spilling level Dam authorities have already issued a red alert for possible flash floods among communities near the Tullahan River. Communities that may likely be affected by flooding are Fairview, Forest Hills, Quirino Highway, Papri, Goodwill, Sta. Quiteria, and San Bartolome in Quezon City, Barangay Ligon along North Luzon Expressway in Valenzuela and Malabon.â€Å"We have recorded continuous rains over the watershed area until Tuesday noon. From 12 noon last Monday to 12 noon on Tuesday, 108 mm rains have been recorded, which is considered intense rains,† Peralta said. Meanwhile in Malolos, Bulacan, Liz Mungcal, Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (PDRRMO) chief, reported to Bulacan Governor Wilhelmino M. Sy-Alvarado, that at around 7 a.m. yesterday, the Ipo dam began releasing water at 109 cms per second. Mungcal said as a result the Bustos Dam released 120 cms at around 9 am. Also yesterday, adding that this amount of water released was safe and tolerable and would not be felt by the community. PAGASA-Weather Branch assistant chief Rene Patient said light to moderate rains will continue to affect Western Luzon today, Wednesday. â€Å"Rains will be scattered and light to moderate as the low pressure area (LPA) continues to move away from the country. Improving weather condition can be expected this Wednesday but Bataan, Zambales, Cavite, Mindoro, Batangas, and Metro Manila will still experience scattered rains,† Paciente explained. â€Å"We have experienced moderate to heavy rains early morning on Tuesday until the afternoon, but we can expect that light to moderate rains will prevail on Tuesday evening. Rains will continue to subside until Wednesday,† he added. The LPA was estimated based on satellite and surface data at 60 km northwest of Ambulong, Batangas or 50 km west-southwest of Manila yesterday morning.Paciente pointed out that the heavy rains were caused by the LPA, â€Å"packing more rains than winds. â€Å"Because it does not have enough wind to enhance the southwest monsoon, it was just the LPA that brought rains over Luzon,† he pointed out. He cited that from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m. yesterday, rain monitoring stations recorded the highest rainfall in Infanta, Quezon at 48 mm, followed by San Jose, Mindoro (42 mm), Casiguran, Aurora (39 mm), Tanay, Rizal (25 mm), Science Garden in Quezon City (21 mm), and Baler, Aurora (20 mm).He said rains measuring 7.5 mm or above is considered heavy rains. A yellow warning signal was issued in Metro Manila on Tuesday that alerts authorities and residents of continuous light rains. The Quezon City government also suspended classes in the afternoon in the grade school and high school levels of both private and public schools. Greg Banacia, chief of the city’s Public Affairs and Information Service Office (Paiso), said that the city government has coordinated closely with the Division of City Schools and the 142 barangay disaster risk reduction coordination committee in recommending the suspension of classes throughout the city. However, some parents raised howls of protest, complaining that the city government and the barangay officials should have made the announcement much earlier. With the announcement being issued in the afternoon, the parents said their children would now have to wade on flooded streets and faced the risk of being afflicted with flu and similar diseases. â€Å"The rains were strong from 12 a.m. to 8 a.m. Classes should have been suspended the whole day. Now our children are soaking wet and may get sick,’’ one of the parents complained. Another parent who was passing by Quirino Elementary School in the city’s third district said she decided to let her four schoolchildren go home because of the strong rains and flooded streets. â€Å"I do not want to take the risk what with all the news of live electric wires falling onto innocent passers-by and having them electrocuted. I do not want that to happen to my children,’’ the parent said. Yesterday’s heavy rains also forced the cancellation of six domestic’s flight. The Media Affairs Division (MAD) of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport recorded three turn-around flight services out of Manila because of the weather disturbance, as of 12 noon yesterday; the MAD had recorded flight cancellations between Manila and Naga City as well as Mani la and Busuanga in Palawan. The management of Cebu Pacific cancelled a turn-around flight between Manila and Naga and a flight between Manila and Busuanga. At the same time, Air Philippines also cancelled a turn-around flight between Manila and Naga, with both airline companies citing bad weather as the cause of the cancellations. Meanwhile, the Department of Health (DoH) warned against the possible upsurge of leptospirosis as floods inundated parts of Metro Manila yesterday. Leptospirosis is an illness brought about by animal urine that enters the body through the eyes, nose, mouth and open wounds. Leptospirosis is characterized by flu, headache, red eyes, jaundice, and difficulty in urinating that may lead to acute kidney failure. Dialysis is usually given to those who are suffering from acute kidney failure. â€Å"Those who were exposed to contaminated flood waters get sick of leptospirosis one to two weeks later,† DoH Assistant Secretary Dr. Eric Tayag said. â€Å"Leptospirosis outbreaks after floods occur within a month and may continue for several months,† he added. According to the Disease Surveillance Report of the DoH, leptospirosis cases from January 1 to May 26 reached 1,728 which are 211.35 percent higher than cases recorded in the same period last year, 555. Cases were highest in Northern Mindanao and Western Visayas. There were 75deaths reported within the said period. â€Å"Ages of cases ranged from less than two months to 93 years old. Majority of the cases reported were males. Most of the cases belonged to the 21 to 30 years age group,† The surveillance said. â€Å"Leptospirosis has low case fatality rate. However, it changes with advancing age and may reach 20 percent more in patients with jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and kidney damage who have not been treated with renal dialysis,† the report added. Leptospirosis without complications can be treated with antibiotics for a week. Afternoon classes yesterday in Marikina City, Pasig City, Pateros and Taguig City, in both public and private elementary and high schools, have been suspended by local officials due to the continuous rains. In Marikina City, Paul Sison, chief of the city’s Public Information Office (PIO), said Mayor Del De Guzman ordered the suspension of afternoon classes in both public and private schools in pre-school, elementary and high schools in Marikina City, due to the prevailing bad weather. However, the suspension of classes in the college level was left by the local city government to the discretion of school officials. According to the PIO, there are a total of 17 public elementary schools 14 public high schools in the city. Private elementary schools numbered 50 while there are 29 private high schools in the city. The local city government added that despite the continuous rains, the water level at the Marikina River as of 9:15 a.m. Tuesday remained normal. According to the PIO, the water level at the river was 13.9 meters above sea level based on the data gathered from the alarm gauge located at Barangay Sto. Nià ±o. Meanwhile in Pasig City, classes in both elementary and high school levels were also suspended by the local city government due to rains. In Pateros and Taguig City, the schools division superintendent of public schools in both areas also declared the suspension of classes in both public elementary and high schools for the afternoon shift. Acting Malabon Mayor Antolin Oreta declared the suspension of afternoon classes in most areas brought by flooding that submerged all low-lying areas of the city yesterday. Oreta announced the suspension of classes in 16 elementary schools and two high schools in at least 14 barangays at 10 a.m. He likewise directed the local Disaster Risk and Reduction Unit to prepare for possible evacuation of families living along danger zones such as in West Riverside, Tullahan River, and Dona Juana Riverside all in Barangay Potrero.In Rizal province, the rains prompted local officials to suspend classes in schools in their respective localities yesterday. In Cainta, Mayor Ramon Ilagan ordered the suspension of afternoon classes from preparatory to high school levels for both public and private schools yesterday. The ACEM Montessori School located at Karangalan Village in Cainta suspended classes ahead of the local government’s announcement since the streets outside the school are flood-prone during heavy downpour. In Antipolo City, Mayor Danilo Leyble ordered the suspension of classes from preparatory up to high school, both private and public before noon yesterday due to heavy rains.Reli Bernardo, information officer of the Rizal provincial government, said flood-prone localities have been monitored for possible evacuation or assistance by the Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council upon the directive of Rizal Governor Casimiro â€Å"Jun† Ynares, III. The local disaster management teams of the respective localities have yet to receive reports of untoward incidents as a result of the heavy rains. Meanwhile, heavy rains that spawned floods in Metro Manila forced the Supreme Court (SC) yesterday to suspend work in all trial courts, the Court of Appeals, the Sandiganbayan and the Court of Tax Appeals starting at 1 p.mCourt Administrator Jose Midas P. Marquez said the suspension of work was based on a directive issued by Acting Chief Justice Antonio T. Carpio. The SC suspended its work starting at 3 p.m. According to Marquez, a 2010 administrative order issued by the SC â€Å"grants executive judges of trial courts outside Metro Manila to suspend work for their employees in the absence of an announcement from the national or local government and under certain circumstances so long as it is in line with existing rules and procedure. â€Å"He said judges have been instructed to report to the SC immediately any damage that may be wrought by the bad weather on court offices, equipment and records, and injuries that may be incurred by court officials and employees. The Senate was also forced to suspend work due to the heavy rains yesterday. Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile issued the order allowing employees of the upper chamber to go home early so as to avoid being trapped by floods that inundated most parts of the metropolis. Though there were no scheduled public committee hearings, Enrile advised those with transactions at the Senate to postpone their plans. The Senate also closed public assistance center yesterday. Last year, the Senate was also forced to temporarily stop work due to typhoon Pedring. —with reports from Ellalyn B. De Vera, Freddie C. Velez, Chito A. Chavez, Jenny F. Manongdo, Francis T. Wakefield, Ed Mahilum, Anjo Perez, Rey G. Panaligan, Hannah L. Torregoza, and Nel B. Andrade URL: http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/364509/lgus-warned-for-late-class-suspension-announcement#.URubrWphJpx

Childhood Obesity An Epidemic That Is Sweeping Through...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Childhood obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping through America. The key to understanding the threshold for the term obesity is to know the clinical definition. Obesity and overweight are two terms that are intermittently misused. Overweight is clinically defined as the excess body fat one has in terms to their height, muscle, bone, or in a combination of all factors (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity is simply the concept of having excess body fat (Childhood Obesity Facts). Adult obesity is the cause of multiple disease that are difficult to treat and most are fatal. Childhood obesity should be seen just as fatal, if not more, than adult obesity due to the higher risk children have to contracting†¦show more content†¦The following is the BMI percentiles for young children: †¢ underweight: BMI below the 5th percentile †¢ normal weight: BMI at the 5th and less than the 85th percentile †¢ overweight: BMI at the 85th and below 95th percentiles †¢ obese: BMI at or above 95th percentile (http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/overweight_obesity.html) †¢ Under this criteria,33% of children account for the 85th percentile and above. 1 out of every 3 children is considered overweight. Figure 1: Obesity rankings in adolescents aged 2-19 in the 95th percentile of BMI. The figure featured above demonstrates the rapid incline in obesity in our youth over the past 40 years. This graph features the 95th percentile of obesity in adolescents 2 to 19 years old (Rajalakshmi Lakshman-american red cross article) Risk Factors for Obesity The causation of obesity is multifactorial. Genetic and environment factors play a crucial role in the involvement of childhood obesity and a superior role when combined. Genetic Factors After years of examination, medical researchers have found a positive correlation between genetics and obesity. According to an article by Cara Ebbeling, Dorota Pawlak, and Dr. David Ludwig, the following are genetic factors and syndromes that contribute to obesity: †¢ genetic factors that effect the leptin signaling pathway †¢ Prader-willis syndrome associated with hyperghrelinaemia †¢ Bardet-Biedi †¢ Cohen †¢ Alstrom syndormes These genetic factors and syndromes are